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Thursday, January 31, 2013

43i4 Providing Feedback And Monitoring Student Progress

Running head : PROVIDING FEEDBACKProviding Feedback and Monitoring disciple Progress[Author s Name][Tutor s Name][Class]AbstractMiddle school learners posit basic economic knowledge to arrive prepared to result real-life economic issues . A lesson of economics go forth be designed for 5th clique scholars to guarantee effective student feedback that go forth help identify student learning inescapably and physical exercise this information to change instructional approaches to teaching economicsProviding Feedback and Monitoring Student ProgressIntroductionMiddle school learners require basic economic knowledge to become prepared to resolving real-life economic issues . To understand the most all-important(a) economic concepts , students should be personally involved into the analysis and countersign of economic theories . Instructional strategies should guarantee that the students understand the lesson s learning objectives , and that they give sufficient tools and motivation to achieve these learning goals (Tuckman Yates , 1980 . At this bill , we forget design an economic class for 5th grade students in a way to guarantee effective student feedback that leave behind help identify student learning needs and use this information to change instructional approaches to teaching economicsLESSON stick out : 5TH GRADE ECONOMICS: LEARNING SUPPLY AND DEMANDMaterials : pens , pencilsMethods1 . Students will be provided with brief introduction about the importance of tot up and contain concepts in economics and their impact on our nonchalant performance2 . The students will be provided with graphic organizers that contain simple courtly explanations of what release and guide is , and how they change under the impact of variant external factors3 . The students will be invited to participate in a game . One half of learners will represent merchants , mend the other half of the group will represent buyers . The merchants will be requested to price some of their items , while buyers will be requested to shop .
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Later , the students will dismember the impact of merchant prices on their purchasing decisions and on the subscribe / supply in their small classroom marketAssessment : students will be offered a standardized test with practical supply / want tasks to be resolved Learning objective Questions (Bloom s taxonomy level ) manageable answers Teacher s actions1 .Students are able to define what supply and what pick out is .How can you define supply (knowledge )Supply is the amount of goods uncommitted in the marketThe answer is objective and brief the students can catch up with on to another task Supply is the availability of items in the market The teacher should apologise that availability is not the scathing characteristics of supply the teacher should concentrate on explaining the essence of supply In your own words , how will you define demand (synthesis )Demand is the amount of goods we currently need The answer is square up Demand determines how many goods should be produced to satisfy our needs superfluous time is needed to explain that demand determines the amount of need goods at any given period2 .Students are able to explain the connection between supplyand demand . How do supply and demand interrelate (comprehension Supply and demand always go come about in hand...If you want to get a full essay, put together it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Math 230/ Math Every Day

There is an interesting show that airs on Friday nights called numbers It is a story about a Math prof and his FBI brother and how the professor assists his brother in solving crimes wont math . Each week the episode involves statistics and computer formulas to drub the crime . Most of the time the math is used to become a search pattern -- either a physiological one , or a data mining algorithmic rule . Their use of numbers is quite interestingSeeing the duo perform on stage is a good show of the business leader of br knowledge it is an avenue to affirm that knowledge has no power unless put to work . It is reduced to mere `dust without effectual input in the human world . Indeed it is actually a fascinating experience to see how the dread maths can be used to solve human problems . The theatre of operations of mathematics used in the film is statistics . With this application in real life lieus , one gets to value the indispens subject use of analytical methods in solving problems with ease and efficiency . through with(predicate) the interesting adventure created , one learns that the computer has been useful in assisting the human brain to achieve a high-quality analysis of involvement and process than faster into useful trainingOne usually wonders that maths is an solicit concert far from the present of the man and realities they confront all over .
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With the picture by the search pattern , and the algorithm , it becomes easier to appreciate mathematics as a real body of knowledgeThese skills discipline mathematics in another dimension . They also toil the mind to deep and critical thinking useful in solving problems . An existing schema about the subject offspring is modified to contain the new pattern of available information , with a view to making the individual better able to intervene in a supposed difficult situation . This is really fascinatingThe reservation with the film is the fact that there is dialect on application of mathematical knowledge and computer skills in solving anti-social acts there are other areas of life where we face challenges and such skills can be usefulPAGEPAGE 1...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Do You Think It Is A Good Idea To Use Examples Instead Of Proofs To Convince High-school Age Students That Theorems In Algebra And Geometry Are True?how Should A Teacher Balance The Use Of Examples And Proofs?


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On Timing Cycles. What Makes Identifying Parts Of The Business Cycle So Challenging?

Running head : Business hertzNameUniversityTutorDateIn economics , business bicycle is defined as the repeat levels of economic activity see by an economy in a given untaught over a long period of time . in that location argon five parts or stages of business cycle which include magnification , peak , recession , trough and convalescence . Economic increase is not a steady phenomenon and exhibits patterns of expansion peak and contraction . The five phases of economic reaping cannot be identified easily as a result of sealed challenges . It becomes so challenging to target the five phases of economic growth due to certain reasons . First , business cycles reflect the recurring rise and fall of economic activities , which is not easy to identify . Economic activities in this aspect relates to production , wages , prices , net income employment and any other macroeconomic activity .
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The cycles are recurring , nonperiodic and one cycle should be much than one year making it difficult to measure out a season of expansion or contractionBusiness cycles reflect the inability of merchandise place to accommodate shifting markets for new and substitute products , good technologies and changing needs of occupational skills (Knoop Todd A , 2004 Technology and occupational skills are major challenges in determination of economic growth because of their rapid change . Business cycles are irregular , divert in frequency , duration and magnitude as a result of rapid change in major economic factors . This is a major challenge to economists and government when they try to measure the level of economic growth . Business cycle is heedful in form...If you want to get a full essay, revise it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Economics Unit 5 Ip 2

Ways of Influencing the Money SupplyThe Federal Reserve can watch the currency write out through the following ways , which depart be described belowOpen market operations : this type of financial policy comprises direct action on the money supply of the parsimony . It basically entails the trading of brass bonds that are governed by the Federal Reserve For instance , the selling of government bonds leads to wither of the economy , because the population allow for exchange money for the obtain of bonds and the disposable income of the farming will diminish . The opposite put to hurther will happen if the Federal Reserve buys back the bonds issued . In New York this monetary policy is very active and is undertaken around every weekdayReserve want : fluctuations in the reserve requirements can as well direct movements in the money supply . This is a financial policy regularity that activates the multiplier effect by touching the finance on hand(predicate) to investors . For example , a decrease in the reserve requirement would enable banks to provide loans in a higher volume because they are demanded to hold lower reserves through such actionFederal Funds vex send : changes in the federal funds recreate rate are the latter(prenominal) method of affecting the money supply , which is also a fiscal policy medium . The difference from the previous method is that it influences the finances of the banks rather than the money supply directly . By , for example , increasing the federal funds interest rate banks will be to a greater extent reluctant to borrow money from the Federal Reserve thus limiting the money useable by these banks as a medium of finance to commercial-grade institutionsActions in an Inflationary EconomyIn an inflationary economy the ultimate target area is to diminish the velocity of circulation of money and thus limit the country s inflation Thus the Federal Reserve ought to sell government bonds in to decrease the money available for the population to discharge and thus control demand-pull inflation .
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With respect to the reserve requirement this should be increased in to limit the money available for banks to provide as loans . This will in turn abstain entrepreneurs to grow their business , diminishing the working opportunities and thus lessen the disposable income available . Likewise , federal funds interest rate ought to be increased in to limit the money taken for loan availability and thus reach the aforesaid(prenominal) aim of the previous methodActions in an Economic RecessionIn such down economic cycle the aim of the Federal Reserve is to further the economy by creating employment and enhancing the velocity of circulation of money . It is dogmatic at this stage that the bonds sold in an inflationary economy are redeemed back in to provide supererogatory income for the population to spend . An opposite action will also be enacted to the reserve requirement and Federal Funds interest rate by decreasing both of them . This will mystify greater availability for loan finance , inducing more entrepreneurs to invest in business activities , which in turn will promote greater employment opportunities Such features will...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Oil Price Increase, Inflation, And Its Economic Impact

p Oil Price Increase , Inflation , and Its stinting Impact2008Over the last 20 years the standard of living has changed not only in the United States , because of the monetary policies of the Federal view as , but the standard of living has developmentd in many parts of the domain of a function because of United States monetary policy . tho , this apparent produce is misleading . The world s railway locomotive of sparing growth has been fueled by cheap recognize and mountains of funds created by government fiat Just like an engine that has a fuel mixture that is too rich and has a hard time running , the engine of global growth has been too rich with credit and it collapsed into one of the most ruin economic crises since Great Depression . So much credit has been extended that an increasing number of individuals and businesses are now at a point of default . The Federal Reserve has heat the credit engine because too much credit that cannot be repaid has been extended .
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Businesses have badly misallocated capital , and consumers have self-aggrandising accustomed to living beyond their means . This infamous carry out has been for several years in a row attended with another two macroeconomic phenomena - inflation and constant increase in oil prices . Both processes received a roach of attention in the light of unfolding crisis due to their unbroken impact on US economy , particularly auto industry and consumption . Although one may argue that in contemporary context , oil price on world commodity markets decreased significantly , it is safe to...If you want to eviscerate a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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It Has Been Argued That The Concept Of Development Should Be Broadened To Include More Than Just One Economic Development. What Factors Do You Think Should Be Included In An Assesment Of Development. Illustrate Ypur Answer With Examples Of Countries With

Concepts of educationIntroductionThese elements of maturation help in development of human worlds in relation to frugal , environmental protection , equity and affectionate justice in a cooperation . The development of a land depends in different concepts of development that enables it to grow adequately in to improve the living standards of the people . Therefore , in to give birth this development , the concepts of development should be wide-eyedened to include much more than factors which determine development and not just economic signify of view . In economic concepts , it appears to be a broad concept br that balances the need for economic growth with environmental protection and accessible equity . These sustainable developments meet the call for of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their necessarily . It is also a process of transmute in which the victimization of resources , the direction of investments , the orientation of technological development and mental hospitalal change are all in harmony and enhance two current and future potential to meet human call for and aspirations . It is a broad concept in that it combines economics , social justice , environmental science and counselling business management , politics and law . Sustainable development plus its achievements cannot be simply be left . Government regulators and policy makers whole scarcely also to industry . It is argued that while corporations have endlessly been the engines for economic development . They are needed to be proactive in balancing this drive with social equity and developmental protection , partly because they have access to the resources necessary to make out the problemsDevelopment of commonwealthThe development of any commonwealth or any institution will not be measured only found on economic growth and development only . The growth of democracy and participatory space will also be of great importance for growth to be meaningful . A country may achieve great economic development but without the growth of democracy and democratic space the economic achievements can be destroyed in a few hours .
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Lets eat an example of the economic giants of east and central Africa , Kenya , the country had achieved great economic development as compared to their leaders but what we are seeing on our TV stations from our countries is rightfully disturbing . As the forefather of those countries like Kenya forgot to develop democratic space and democracy . When the public was annoyed with , the elections that were carried out recently , we are seeing a situation where property is being destroyed . Last Tuesday from my campus hall , I watched CNN news where youths were destruct a railway line . If there was developed democracy in that country and all institutions were fair and democratic , such(prenominal) destruction could not have taken place . in time , because they forgot to know that development goes together with democracy , ten kilometers of the railway line were demolished , 1 million people were displaced in their home country , and properties worth million of dollars destroyed and many a(prenominal) people lost their livesTherefore , in for economic growth to take place , policy makers should also be ready to strikingness the challenges that accompany...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Integrating Mathematics And Science Curricula

Page 1INTEGRATING MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE CURRICULAEssayCourtney Jovan HamiltonNameCourse SectionInstructorDatePage 2INTEGRATING MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE CURRICULAEssayIntroductionCurriculum integration begins with the idea that the sources of curriculum ought to be problems , issues , and concern posed by life itself . Integrated mathematics designed to fill the involve both the teacher and the student . It uses a lesson approach that bribe information experiences in a new context , do learning of maths interesting and enjoyable to the students p experience can provide rich content in exercise and writing activities for students of both ages . Science inspires students to reach for the tools of manner of speaking in to uncover and internalize the secrets about the world that only light can reveal to themIntegrating Science and Mathematics must be combined with language . Communications was the key to the rapid ontogenesis of Science in the 17th century .One method of conference was publishing printed works , equally important were private lettersUnlike the Alchemists and Physicians who buzz off down and strove to keep their work secret , scientist and mathematicians made efforts to allot their theories and discoveries with one another . They benefited from the fact that there was a get goingicipation of interested people who build on their works and neutralize their errors (Barzun , 2000Body Of TheSummary of the Article` Natural Fusion : Mathematics and Science crosswise The Curriculum` Science and Mathematics : Through the Lens of languageAccording to Jennifer StepanikReading and paternity are indispensable learning tools in all subjects areas , teacher s skillful use of language arts connections help students to befool sense of mathematical and scientific ideasThe ability to communicate ideas and theories is intrinsic to learning and doing math and fellowship . The boundaries between skill , math , and language are much more fluid than they egress in most school schedules . Reading is a part of every light and mathematics classroom in which the teacher uses a textbook .
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Connecting language arts with mathematics and science explicitly and intentionally strengthens the teaching and learning in all three areas of the curriculumAt the elementary level , integrating science and language arts has many advantages . The intense political focus on reading and mathematics can often mean that science gets pushed aside . The demands on schools and teachers to devote time and resources to reading and mathematics may leave little time for scienceThis emphasis is reinforce by state and districts tests that rarely include science (Their , 2002 . uncomplicated teachers themselves maybe reluctant to spend much time on science because they feel they lack the necessary content knowledge and experience to teach science effectively (Baker Saul , 1994 ) pupil attitudes and beliefs about what they learn and about themselves are important aspects of the learning process , literature can help students connect in person to mathematical and scientific ideas by setting math and science in familiar and meaningful contexts (Griffiths Clyne , 1991 Relationship Between Mathematics and Science Achievement at the 8th GradeRelations between Mathematics and Science Education have...If you want to get a adept essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Economics

Running head : ECONOMICSNameUniversityCourseProfessorDateIntroductionThe free movement of slap-ups and go is signifi flockt to the development of good deal and commerce . It enables goods chooseed in peerless part of the world to be imported without the imposition of relatiative duties and taxes Thus sugar needed in the US tail be imported from Brazil and vehicles required in Canada can be easily exported from the US . The ideal situation in world trade is the abolition of tariffs and duties on imports and exports . But because countries need to raise taxes to finance topical anesthetic bud attracts , commercial trade has endlessly been targeted by the taxman as a ready stock of income . Trading blocs endeavor to ensure the elimination of tariffs and taxes for the member states thence creating a free trade zone for all goods and function . As a consequence , the price of a good in one part of the trading bloc should exist the same in another subject field . In much(prenominal)(prenominal) a situation trade is greatly enhancedDespite the benefits of free trade there remains a lot of opposition to the excogitation . Protectionism in the form of punitive taxes on imports and regime subsidies to local anesthetic manufacturers are offered to enable local businesses gain a combative advantage everyplace their inter national competitors . Further , some governments trammel extraneous investment in areas they consider key to national security and public interestsOne of the reasons advanced for this state of affairs is the secrete of employment . Producers of essential goods in some countries have richly production costs . The final product costs a good deal more than an imported equivalent . However because the industry employs a lot of people who will otherwise lose their jobs if shoddy imports are allowed into the field , the government imposes heavy duties on such goods . In trying to develop an industrial capacity , a government may protect local industries by high-flown heavy duties on finished products .
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This measure is meant to enable the local manufacturers to develop their economies of scale which will lead to cheaper prices in the extensive run . At that point in time the government will open up its markets to international competitionStrategic sectors need to be protected at all costs so that the country is not held to ransom by greedy businessmen . or so sectors that the government likes to have a firm grip on include the postal services . The nature of such services is so crucial to the security of the state that if it were to be controlled by private entities , they could easily sabotage operations countrywide by providing poor services or by failing to turn back mail altogether . Electricity generation is another area that the governments would like to have some measure of control over Imported forefinger , while it may be cheaper , cannot be fully relied upon as the exporting country can unendingly hold the importing country to ransom by denying them power when they need it most . Such scenarios force governments to restrict the levels of foreign control in a country s economy...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Economics Of Airline And Airport Management

2008IntroductionThe continuity of business becomes a major concern when a company experiences a downturn due to the fierce contender , natural disaster and industrial events including ones caused by terrorism . In archeozoic 21st century , when there was a terrorist firing on the famous building in the world , universe Trade Center and Pentagon , we witness that such attack has monetary value the country s economy in major reform twain operational and fundamental aspects not to mention severe tint on the air travel persistenceThe 9 /11 attacks nurture significant impact on the continuity of air travel . This is because such attacks will decrease travelers trusts to going by airplanes . When it happens , Boeing and Airbus , as the leading manufacturers of airplanes , faced declining demands for new airplanes from air hosesThe above incidences are most examples of economic and industrial issues that influence the airline industry .
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Concerning the airline industry this will discuss several issues that influence itAims and ObjectivesThis intends to argue an understanding of economic , social political , international , environmental and technological influences concerning the air travel industry by employ a PEST analysisUsing the non-participant observation method , collecting entropy and analyzing qualitative information from journal , books , magazine and other online materials , this aims at analyzing pricing strategies and cost strategies in the air travel (airline ) industryIn addition , the aims at identifying economic constraints within which the international air industry operatesDelta Air Lines Share PriceIn special report regarding the merger mingled with Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines , USA Today reports that both companies memorys go through negative sentiment from the market as their stocks fell respectivelyFigure 1 Delta s Stock PriceSource : Yahoo , 2008According to a report concerning the merger , this instant after the company announced the merger , Northwest look ats plummeted rough 8 .4 , or equals to 94 cents , to 10 .28 . Similarly , Delta s stock price also declined about 12 .6 equals to 1 .32 a share , to 9 .16 . This condition becomes a signal of investors self-control since at the same time , the Dow Jones industrial experienced a rise about 60 points . The condition represents the drop in the value of Delta s stock in exchange for Northwest share from previously 3 .1 one million million into about 2 .7 billion (Reed and Adams 2008Figure 1 shows the historical trends of Delta s stock price within 1-year termination . In addition Figure 2 represent reliable stock price of Delta s Air Lines , exhibiting the continuous declining stock death penalty to 6 .80 (Reed and Adams 2008Figure 2 Delta Airline Stock Info as of 22 April 2008Source http /phx .corporate-ir .net /phoenix .zhtml ?c 71481irol-stockQuoteU .S . Airline fabrication Competition and Impact of Credit CrunchAt present , although it is still early in the recovery and certainly high fuel prices and some other terrorist attack and political events like wars could cause another setback air travel industry in the...If you want to energise a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Critical Analysis Of Economic

s2008 Critical analysis of economicAnalysis of Article Economic Focus : slyness DisputesRecession is an economic trail that happens not only to developing countries except also to superpower countries like United States . During 1990 , for example , the U .S . thrift experienced undulating unemployment rates . In May 1990 , the earth counted over 119 .9 million of job vacancies available throughout the nations . louvre months later , in October , the situation turned upside raze when more than 500 ,000 workers lost their jobs . Within the same extent , after the eight years of steady growth , the factual output declined for some time until the end of the first lodge in 1991 . In addition , U .S . also experiences gritty inflation in 1979 (11 .3 ) and 13 .5 in 1980Concerning the unemployment , currently , the attention of increasing unemployment in the U .S . also raises again cod to the increasing number of outsourced jobs from the U .S . to other countries like India and china . IN addition , Nasscom quoted Michel Janssen , founder and President , Everest Group , reveals that on that point is possibility that tally b nine exact closed relation back to the loss of jobs in the USHowever , this fear is not justified in an word discussing Economic Focus : Trade Disputes . In the article that based on two articles : Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and incarnate Agreements of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization and The Muddles over Outsourcing , the author reveal that really the outsourcing does not threat the U .S . economy since the number is frequently exaggeratedThe article reveals that the case of outsourcing us too small to event much . This is because the number of outsourcing in 2015 is predicted to reach 3-4 millions jobs . This number is really small considering that every year American destroy active 30 million jobs . It means that the outsourced jobs only represent virtually 10 or representing 0 .
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5 annual outflow of the jobsThis condition suggests that the author focus on emphasizing the benefits that U .S . economy will obtain when carrying out outsourcing /off-shoring . The main benefits of outsourcing to other countries is to have lower cost of laborIn addition , Jason Bremer , Senior Analyst of outsourcing , IDC Canada reveals thither are evidences that outsourcing allows executives of any enterprises to focus on the core clientele while resolving skills shortages or resource problems , reducing cost , and fundamentally transforming how an transcription thinks , acts and operates (Kurian n .dAnother benefit of off shoring is about the net saving that U .S obtains . McKinsey Co predicts that the Internet-enabled service (ITES ) market is likely to touch 142 billion in 2009 . there would be a net saving accounting for 390 billion from current cost of 532 billion for these services (Kurian , n .d . U .S . can fulfill the net saving through off shoring to other country like IndiaAnalysis of Article Aiming for a happy mediumIn to increase whole elements of a countries or organization welfare , policy makers of a country might distinguish various moves...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Economics

SEQ CHAPTER h r 1 Economic Concepts in the substantive WorldFebruary 18 , 2008This document defines eight economic principles . An clause is summarized and study to the describe the economic principles at work in the true(a) world . A working definition that applies to each oblige and a link to the article is included Economic imaginativenesssDefinition - the components of occupation including natural ,human and capital imagings used to gain goods and ser crimesArticle - summary : Nigeria s imagination CurseNigeria gets 95 of it wealth from inunct and gas proceeds and it is Africa s go through oil producer . In this article , the country s vice president calls Nigeria s oil an economic curse . There is scantiness in Nigeria s main oil producing region . Despite the billions of dollars that oil puts into Nigeria s economy some residents still come in t have underlying advantage services , water system and electricity . As a endpoint of the government cooperating with foreign oil companies Nigeria s citizens feel that they don t benefit from their own country s resourcesOil is a natural resource . Oil produces the final product of gas and petroleum . The three hundred billion revenue from crude oil production is a capital resource . The revenues could be invested in the production of water and electricity - utility services that the region is lacking consequently in this case , the amount of emphasis that is a result of dissatisfaction with the government s handling of oil production intense violence has occurred in the oil producing region . This violence has caused a 20 decrease in Nigeria s actual oil production This in turn will decrease the capital needed to produce the utility services that Nigerian citizens are demandingA working definition of Nigeria s economic resources includes crude oil , a natural resource used to produce gas and petroleum and revenues from oil production , a capital resource used to produce utility services (water and electric ) for residents and citizensHYPERLINK http /www .upi .
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com /International_Security /Energy /Analysis /2008 /02 /14 /ana lysis_nigerias_resource_curse /8267 http /www .upi .com /International_Security /Energy /Analysis /2008 /02 /14 /ana lysis_nigerias_resource_curse /8267Law of demandDefinition-when the price for goods and services increases , the demand for goods and services decreasesArticle - Wage Mandates won t Help the PoorThis is an opinion and analysis written by the master(prenominal) Economist at the Employment Policies Institute in answer to a legislative proposal in Minnesota to turn the marginal net by 31 . David Kreutzer cites two disjoined studies that link job losses to token(prenominal) wage increases . The article points to the significant negative impact of a minimum wage increase on the poor and working poor . He concludes that the increase will hurt instead of help minimum wage earnersConsider these statements made in the article . In 2007 , a study by a University of Georgia economist order that a 10 per centumage rise in the minimum wage causes a job loss of 6 percent and a loss of full-time employment of 14 .5 percent for this group . Also in 2007...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Journal Articles

Running Header : Journal ArticlesJournal ArticlesNameCollege /UniversitySue , S Chu , J . Y (2003 . The mental wellness of ethnic minority convocations : ch entirelyenges posed bythe hang on to the surgeon general s report on mental health Culture , Medicine and Psychiatry , Vol . 27 , No . 4 , 447-465Reading the title and the objective of the research report card , I was flesh of skeptical close the main assertion of the authors , which was that at that place is a strong connection between the prevalence of mental affront , and ethnic minority groups that singles belong to . I have meditate studies about genetics or heredity and environment as contributing factors to the occurrence of mental offend , however , I have not heard about the exploit of ethnicity on mental health . Therefore , I am in no position to either agree or resist with the assertions of this particular research , primarily . Reading through the stay of the research , I would have to say that the authors presented a comprehensive amount of data which supported their claim . Enlightened about the issue , perhaps , I would agree that the most pregnant contributory factor would be the limited access of the minority groups identified to mental health services . Culture would be less significant in explaining the phenomenon , because if I were to agree with this nous , it is like I am generalizing the prevalence of mental diss to minority groups Moreover , it promotes the idea of racism or discriminationPrimarily , indicant an word that I am not really awake(predicate) about contributed to my interest in the . This time around , the article is yet again disputing another published research study regarding the matter .
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Disputes , such as these , are intriguing , it adds more than knowledge regarding mental health , and ethnic minority groups because an singular learns about two sides of the issueYes , the article revealed a comprehensive transport on the issue as its objective was to study all the angles of ethnicity and mental health Contrasting results to the previous study by the Surgeon General s Supplement , as well as the agreeable points of the same study , were all explicated . However , there needs to be another study regarding the issue in to answer the questions left by the study , supplement two research studies , and synthesize all ideas in to form a unified body of knowledge about the saidMarielena , L , Gamboa , C , Kahramanian , M .I , Morales , L .S Hayes-Bautista , H .B (2005 Acculturation and Latino health in the United States : a review of the literature and its sociopolitical circumstance Annual Review Public Health , Vol . 26 , 367-397In some(prenominal) aspect of life with regards to multiculturalism , acculturation seems to be one of the determinants of an individual s way of life Acculturation does not only influence health , but also other factors such as education , political beliefs , language , choice of food or clothing , and culture in its entirety . It is not affect to learn that the healths of Latinos , who form a specific multiracial group in the country , are influenced by acculturation . champion of the...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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English Summary

Prisoners No MoreGiven the fact that major social , political and cultural changes feature happened in the last century , it has become bouncy to consider the necessary changes in education which will be a reflection of in completely in all other innovations of the recent course of instructions . The problem of incoming of year-around education in all Americans schools will dissolving agent the requirements of nowadays reality and make for certain that all the students who finish schools have good knowledge of all subjectsThe necessity of introduction of year-round education in all schools is dictated by many reasons . The or so important of them is that most traditional schools have the problem of summer nurture hurt and strike t provide opportunities for remediation and enrichment . On the contrary year-round schools give students only short intersessions during the year when they have succession to immediate corrective actions .
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Experience has shown that traditional schools don t answer the needs of students whose primary home language is not incline because during a long summer vacation it appears very stern for them to get their language skills backIt s also important to mention that year-round schools help maintain students interest in learning because they don t have long breaks in studies while traditional schools write out students desire to learn Year-round schools don t prevent students from fetching part in music contests , academic decathlons and sports activities because they have intersessions during the year and can use that time whichever way they want . another(prenominal) advantage of year-round schools is that they let teachers take advantage of opportunities for lag educatement and adjust curriculum to the needs of students so that learning goes with better resultsAs investigations have shown , students who study in year-round schools have better academic results than in traditional schools . So , the introduction of year-round education is all schools will help to develop the existing educational system and make it function efficientlyBibliography1 . hypertext transfer protocol /www .ascd .org /publications /ed_lead /199511 /ballinger .html...If you want to get a full essay, station it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Philosophy

PhilosophyThe work of a special education deferer is ground on such a rich variety of pedantic knowledge that it is difficult to overestimate the importance of drawing from antithetic spheres . On the one hand , the teacher has to be well-versed in the subject he or she is teaching . On the different , he or she should be able to understand profoundly human psychology , physiology and other issues in the area of both(prenominal) natural science and humanities . Added to this is inevitably understanding of philosophic , ideological , and other theoretical issuesAlthough philosophical concepts may be a little remote from what a regular teacher is doing on a daily basis , there is save considerable room for improved understanding of many life story issues based on general ideas advanced in . ace of them keister be the concept of constructivism linked to both epistemology and accomplishment . From the psychological perspective , epistemology considers the genesis and the nature of knowledge and includes larn (Murphy , 1997It is imperative that educators gain insights into how knowledge works and what people stooge do to attain it in the least difficult sort Constructivism provides a background for that since in the constructivist perspective , knowledge is constructed by the individual with his interactions with his environment (Murphy , 1997 . This gives a theoretical alkali to educational practices and methodsIndeed , it is important to trace the process of knowledge invention since it influences the fall outcomes . It is one thing when knowledge is passively absorbed by students from the outside solid ground . In this case , the role of the teacher lies in take ining ways to effectively transmit this knowledge On the contrary , when knowledge is perceived as something that is constructed through the active efforts of teachers and students , as constructivism claims , a different sort of construe emerges .
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In this context , the role of the teacher is to lead the first step of the pupils in constructing the knowledge for themselvesIndeed , many ideas of ancient can find their application in modern educational practice and fleet teachers in delivering effective content and creating a good gentle wind in the classroom . For instance one s teaching can be based on Plato s idea that knowledge is not created rather , it is recollected from what was already imprinted on the individual s mind since behave . Plato s basic concept concerning knowledge was that mankind is born with knowledge (Kreis , 2006 . In this case , the role of the teacher is not to teach truth but to show his students how they could pull truth out of their own minds (Kreis , 2006 . Techniques for pulling out knowledge will sure enough be different from creation of knowledge and in this reason will be targeted more at the inner world of students and their expertise that does not depend on previous or current studies . A teacher should strive to develop maneuver that will best uncover the potential of students by allowing them to take advantage of inborn knowledge and abilitiesThe theory of Universal Grammar positive by modern American...If you want to get a wide-cut essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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How Is The Play [king Lear] About Measurability / Immeasurability?

How is the put to work [ world power Lear] ab step up measurability immeasurabilityKing LearPerhaps no draw in English literature has attained the critical praise of Shakespeare s King Lear Universally admired for its modernist themes and form , as well as its innovative and daring use of language the play contains somewhat of Shakespeare s about memorable quotes and lines Additionally , the play represents Shakespeare s attempt to discern with some of the most compelling themes of human organism temper , the nature of human reason , and the consequences of human morality . In solution , the play is Shakespeare s expression of a complete vision of human existence and the cosmosOne of the important themes of the play is the idea of measurability and immeasurability , which deals with what roll in the hay be quantified and categorized and what cannot be quantified and categorized . Throughout the play , Shakespeare inverts the expected ideas of measurability and immeasurability to create dramatic irony and to a fault in to best express the underlying chaos which haunts our most trusted beliefs and understandings about the universe we inhabit . An important Shakespearean scholar , Harold Bloom , compares the play to the Bible and the Book of joke and sees a corresponding theme King Lear as calamity finds its only worthy trumpeter in the Book of avocation (Bloom ,1 ) and the reason why Bloom states that it is the Book of excogitate which is the forerunner to King Lear is that both stories attempt to deal with the idea of measurability and immeasurability . In the case of both King Lear and the Book of Job , the stories are essentially involved in the exploration of the wave-particle duality between visible (measurable ) attend and invisible (non measurable ) experience .
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For both Lear and Job it is a unbelief of having faith in the face of external chaos : visible tragedy and ruinThe upending of the measurable and immeasurable happens in the opening barb of the play when Lear speaks with his young lady Cordelia about how he will divide his demesne . The measurable elements are ironically reversed in the scene : with the more obvious measurable element , Lear s land , being regarded as an abstraction , as something of little measurability by Cordelia , and the non-measurable aspects of Lear and Cordelia s relationship : their delight in or lack of love , create Lear to demand a measurable expression of love from his daughter . The inversion of the expected ideas land as love and love as land so to speak help to verbalize Shakespeare s intention to place measurability and immeasurability in the center of his themes in this playLear s question to Cordelia what can you say to draw / A trine more opulent than your sisters ? Speak (Lear , I .i . 87-88 ) recalls God s rhetorical question to Job from the Bible Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook with the implication that there will be measurable consequences for the wrong answer . As with God s question to Job , the impetus for Lear s question to Cordelia is non-quantifiable : it is not known why...If you call for to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Dissertation Self Evaluation

Dissertation Self-Evaluationp The of the dissertation is very clear and well-defined . The problems that pay been set forth by the researcher have also been posed with great clarity . To wit , the dissertation aims to ascertaon how unfledged travel blogs perceive the problem of mood smorgasbord and the mode by which it is affected by the tourism industry how tourists , in their green travel blogs , choose to go green look into their knowledge of the negative effects of tourism on humour change and how green travel blogs contribute in making tourists aware of the relationship between tourism and climate change . All these have been answered through an analysis of the discourse set in motion in these blogsThe researcher acknowledges the infrangible relationship that exists between climate change and tourism , and thus analyzing the content of travel blogs allow for give clear indications about how tourism may raise be enhanced through the perceptions of climate change derived from this forte .
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Simply put , this has given valuable input that shall support tourism flourishLiterature ReviewThe literature review is clearly yielded from the most late sources on the . It directly discusses the importance of the subject by parentage with the relationship of climate change and tourism , as indicated by the World Tourism Organization in 2003 . It also did acknowledgment the requisites that are asked from the tourism industry to help mitigate the problems on environment and climate change , setting a strong rationale for undertaking the study .Empirical studies that further point...If you want to liquidate a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Public Libraries

PUBLIC LIBRARIES : THE WAY TO HUMAN UNDERSTANDINGA Discussion on the subroutine of Human Intelligence and Its ProgressKnowledge is matchless primary reason why the ball friendship continues to advance in harm of sagacity and comprehension of advancement . This is the reason why governments close to the demesne be already aiming to increase their competencies in terms of educational progress among their human population . It is innate among humans to be fascinated by the different things that they specially render around them . It could not be denied then that through the years , this particular fascination within the different elements that could be seen in the human environment actually developed into the many discoveries and inventions that humans produced . with passing civilization of humans , it could be observed that the battalion were never contented with what they already use up or what they have already accomplished . This is especially true in terms of science and technology as well as in arts and literary works . It is indeed undeni open that passel diddle the things that are already existent within their induce society . The fact that they have already been able to see what they could do regarding a certain type of field , they intend to charge do better the net time that they deal with the akin invention . Yes humans never get tired of reinventing everything in that location is in the environment . Why is this soHuman intelligence has always been note by philosophers as the primary factor that pretends the human being different from that of the other God-made creations . The humans ability to innovate their own achievements to even better results for the present generation to see has particularly noted them to be those who are capable of reinventing themselves to be able to evolve from generations to generationsTo discuss this particular fact further , memorise an example of the human literature .
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It is overwhelming enough to see that the society today is already flooded by the informations that are presented to humans through the printed pages of literature . More than that , the emergence of meshwork technology has paved the way even for amateur to make mention of their thoughts to the world for them to be appreciated and particularly touch other s opinions as well . Literature before was earlier defined as an art of writing that follows certain rules that are strict enough to keep its standards within the classical represent of reading . However , when the different generations along with the historical events cover the human generation s development , the art of literature became one of the major process by which humans intended to verbalize their thoughts and their predicaments about the things that are going on in the world . As a result , more and more people joined the bandwagon of writing and began to share their thoughts to the world with regards the issues that primarily business organisation the human society todayThis particular progress in literature has primarily been further fueled by the democratic musical arrangement of the major governments around the...If you want to get a all-encompassing essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Cognitive Psychology

Attention had in its early days concerned itself with the domain of financial aid and sentience as the main focus of mental inquiry . Attention had been defined as the means by which the human mind can attend to a special amount of information from all the other information posture in the immediate environment and from memory (Sternberg , 2006 . The most commonality experience that an individual may have that demonstrates the function of heed is the cocktail party problem this demonstrates the ability of the mind to actively process single information at a given sequence and be able to disregard others . This is referred to as selective tutelage , if we pay up care to every stimulus that is presented to us , and consequently we would have a stimulus overload and accordingly would have-to doe with our understanding and experience of particular stimuli . In the Stroop effect it was exhibit that it is very difficult to attend to the color of the ink and the interchange color at the same time . However , by means of practice and sensory alignation , the brain has the ability to adapt to the different stimuli and hence do not give attention to its sensory modalities , for example , a person who work in a coffee bar would likely not pay attention to the aroma of the coffee beans than the customers who frequents it . A closely colligate concept to attention is awareness . A person s consciousness is the degree to which unrivalled is aware of his /her printings and experiences and the awareness that he /she is feeling or behaving in a particular way ken is important because it enables the mind to actively process information , without consciousness there is no attention (Sternberg , 2006 .
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Although some behaviors may amaze automatic and does not need to be attended like swimming or eating , in other instances underseal which is the ability of the mind to supply missing information base on previous experiences or memory is demonstrated in the ability of the mind to recognize incomplete pictures of familiar objectsAttention is integrity of the most basic human ability , which is the precursor to training , to effective communication , to decision-making and even intelligence and self-awareness . Attention is one of those concepts that is not given much thought but undoubtedly is the framework from which so many behaviors are manifested (Sternberg , 2006 . Paying attention is one of the biggest problem that modern man have , collectible to the advanced technology and scientific knowledge that enabled man to puddle tools that would attend to the usual information that we encounter on a daily basis , our ability to attend to something has become throttle . For example , our cars now have GPS which can help us reach our destinations faster than if we relied on our own attending skills , hence we do not pay attention to the landmarks , to sign posts or even to pedestrians because we have the GPS tell us where to go to . some other example is how we have embedded our watches with pulse monitors , we do not...If you trust to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Linguistics Quiz

1 ) In the sentence Marge made dinner party for Homer and Bart watched television Homer and Bart forms a constituenta ) True2 ) The works of Ferdinand de Saussure were instrumental in founding tralatitious Grammara ) True3 ) What syntactic function do the words the and never some(prenominal) perform in the following sentence , in basis of the X-bar schema The President never agrees with CongressModifiers4 ) Draw a steer for the following sentence . Do not use triangles . You leave alone need to create the tree in your word bear on program , or with phpSyntaxTree The evil scientist invented a new good-hearted of virus . IPNP IDet N I VPThe AP N -pst VA scientist V NP Art NA invented N APevil a kind A A PP new NPN of virus5 ) Infants can discriminate between sounds that are phonemic in other languages as well as those in their native language .
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For instance Japanese infants can tardily distinguish between [r] and [l] while their parents have difficulty doing soa ) True6 ) research into child language acquisition has established that children primarily occupy language by means ofa ) imitationd ) reinforcement7 ) A child producing sentences corresponding I no drink milk is at the telegraphic stage of language developmentb ) False8 ) Explain the significance of the scathing stopover to modern theories of language acquisition . Include examples in your answerThe critical period because the foundation for the development of modern theories of language acquisition...If you emergency to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Wednesday, January 30, 2013

3 Chat Response/2 Questions

Response to Roxanne s Question 2 : What be the implications for diverse olympian agreeers when teachers are not cultur eachy responsive ? When teachers are not culturally responsive to diverse majestic showers they lead not succeed in winning the trust of their students hence students will feel that their teachers do not understand their situations , and their educational and tender struggles . This will realise a negative effect on the students since they may feel that they have no one to twirl to and they put upnot communicate effectively with their teachers , screenmates or deal in the club . As a result of their negative feelings , they may have the tendency to become withdrawn , less sociable , or destructive . They may also manifest whatever socially unacceptable behaviorResponse to Roxanne s Questions 3 : Why do some people mistakenly think that a student with a deadening is not capable of education a second expression communication ? There is always a misconception that students with disability do not have the ability to learn a second words . The term disability is so broad that we cannot say that all people with disability , e .g . physical , mental , activated , learning , hearing or visual disability can only learn their native spoken communication . Although there are not enough studies to show whether this is true or not , this assumption should not be pointed at all persons with disability . Perhaps those with cognitive disability may struggle to learn more than one speech communications but I have witnessed some students with autism learn a second language since these students have exceptional memory and have the ability to learn just by reading the book or dictionary . For some learning another language may also depend on their interestResponse to Francis Questions 1 : What are some steps a teacher can take if a student demonstrates a language impairment which occurs in his /her first language and their second language ?
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There should be a series of assessment in to determine the appropriate intervention or remediation that should be given to the student . The student must be referred to the trail physician and psychologist who may recommend a medical and mental test and /or assessment by a speech language pathologist . These assessments will determine if there are health impairments or any problem in the cognitive development , speech language or auditory perceptionQuestion 1 : There are immigrant Spanish parents who insist that English should be spoken at home even if they are not placid in speaking the English language . What platform can be developed to make these parents aware most the importance of nurturing their native language and allowing their children to speak Spanish at homeQuestion 2 : The first component of cultural competence suggested by Hanley includes deep knowledge of one s own cultural , class , and linguistic self that serves as a form of cultural therapy . In line with this suggestion and based on your in-person experience , would it be more effective for immigrant Spanish students to learn the English language from immigrant teachers who are native Spanish speakers and fluent in...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Ipa Assignment

Running head : TITLE SHORTENED TO FEWER THAN 50 CHARACTERSYour Title Goes hereJohn Q . StudentW discipline State UniversityThis endeavors to answer a number of utilise linguistics questions on phonology , morphology , syntax , semantics , hold forth contrastive /error analysis , language functions and the IPA phonetic rudiment in this assignment . All of the questions will use a refrain from a famous children s poem Old wench Who Swallowed the FlyAbstractUse as many key words as realizable in your abstract . Limit its length to 960 characters . For an empirical field , use 100 to 120 words to describe the enigma , participants , method , findings , and conclusions . For a theoretical or review term , use 75 to 100 words to state the bind s , thesis , scope , sources , and conclusions . Define all abbreviations and unique wrong . Spell out names of tests and drugs use generic drug names . Use paraphrases , not recognitions . Conserve space by using abbreviations express numbers as digitsYour Title Goes HereThis templet contains pre-settings for the essential features of APA format : margins , indentations , font , line spacing , and widow woman /orphan control , as explained in The Research cultivate (pp . 160 , 196-97 . To use this scout , select --Save As and carry on the template under a new name . so use type-over insertions to replace the header , information block , and act . Finally , replace the textual matter in the body of the template by using type-over insertions , or delete the body text in blocks (Hint Leave the savor block quotation in place to preserve its paragraph indentation as a model . Use type-over insertions in the bibliography to preserve the hanging indentations ) Here , then , is a sample block quotationA quotation that occupies more(prenominal) than four typed lines should be indented five spaces from the left margin .
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In a student , a block quotation may be single or double spaced , without quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quoted material . Its right margin should be set at 1 Its incidental citation should be placed after the block s ending item of punctuation (Smith , 1988 ,. 16I suggest printing this template to do sure that your printer is properly configured to produce an APA rascal . It should produce no more than 27 lines per paginate , nonnegative the header . The text block should be surrounded by 1 margins on all four sides . Each page should have a manuscript page header , not to be confused with the running head described in the APA Publication Manual (sec . 5 .15ReferencesDoe , J . Q (1999 , 12 tremendous . Title of an article . Title of a Magazine 212 , 23Doe , J . R (1987 . Title of an article . Title of a learned Journal 35 , 112-128Lastname , F (1998 . Title of a sample book . City : PublisherManer , M (1999 , 14 April . Women and eighteenth-century literature Retrieved distinguished 9 , 1999 from the World Wide Web http /network .wright .edu martin .maner /18cwom99 .html[Designed for Word 97 .]1 .Phoneme : A phoneme is a family of similar sounds which a language treats as being...If you want to get a just essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Describe Dell Company Has Responded To The Importance Of Social Responsibility By Developing And Implementing Socially Responsible, Sustainable, Strategies And Practices.

Table of ContentPage NoThesis Statement :2Introduction 3Review of Initial Research 3Methodology 5Literature Review 5Discussion 6Inference 7Conclusion 7References 5Student s concern :Onur MinkarProfessor s Name : Christine LowndesCourse Name and Course Number : BUS 141Date Submitted : November 24 2006Thesis Statement : Corporate Social Responsibility of dingleI . IntroductionIn its March 2005 have it off , Fortune magazine dubbed dell , Inc , the most Admired caller in the US A river of ink has been devoted to describing dingle s lightning -fast style of swooping into and rapidly dominating established markets , its famous zipper tolerance inventory practices , and its involuntary use of the internet to rat direct . Dell Inc . managed therefore to be role sample as a successful companionship that does online business . The company s famous service that enables customers to design their own computers at Dell s website becomes key competitive advantages . This is because customization helps Dell to lower their production be . This in turn lowers their pricing that leaves the company in sustainable position in the computer hardware industry . It only influences the way Dell interacts with their suppliers in to ensure that the products are accommodate to fit their customers needs and high-velocity delivery . At one and only(a) of Dell s Website a customer of small business , for lesson , can answer some questions in to have scoop recommendation from Dell ( HYPERLINK http /catalog .us .dell .com /advisor / revalue .aspx ?adv desktopadv c us cs 0 4 l en s bsd http /catalog .us .dell .com /advisor / send away .aspx ?adv desktopadv c us cs 04 l en s bsdIn to provide a comp discussion , I lead elaborate the issue of dell s embodied cordial obligation (CSR ) in formal outline that incorporate headings and subheadings .
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A manageable outline for this report consists of introduction , research statement , methodology literature review , discussion , results and conclusionII Review of Initial ResearchDespite existence a proud as a customer cogitate company , currently the company receives intense critics due to several(prenominal) cases of battery explosion that occur at several models of Dell s Notebook series . In addition the company besides receives critics for the following reasonsa . Dell is accused of making computers with cheap and unreliable partsb . Some home desktop customers protest Dell for being unfair since Dell is likely to help business customers faster than individual onesc . Because of using proprietary parts , thre is a higher(prenominal) risk that the component aree not fitting and thus not working at all . Furthermore , the system is heat if users install different , non- proprietary partsThe above condition leads to questions as whether Dell has particular policy or has shown practices regarding corporate social responsibility or not . BY definition , BSR defines corporate social responsibility as achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect plenty , communities , and the natural environment (2004In this sense , CSR is viewed as a comprehensive set of policies practices and programs that are integrated into business...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Instructional Planning

Running Head : NameUniversityCourseTutorDateIntroductionProper planning is a core necessity to an effective instruction execute . Teaching disabled persons poses enormous ch bothenges to instructors and calls for the cargonful planning of a lesson so that it may brook the needs of the learners . Disabled persons have supernumerary needs occasioned by auditory modality impairment , vision impairment nervous problems as well as fleshly movement problems , therefore some(prenominal) good lesson plan must birth sure that children with peculiar(a) needs receive as much gains from the learning process as their fixing scholarsThe learning process is rattling in-chief(postnominal) there is a need to avail services and facilities such as walking chairs for the physically disabled , hearing devices for the hearing impairment and any new(prenominal) incumbent facilities . Another necessary adoption teachers put forward make to lesson plans to make them more responsive to the needs of the disabled includes the use of technologically mediated confabulation through computers to aid the learning process . In all adjustments to campaign lessons to the fussy needs of learners , cognitive needs , psychomotor needs and the affective needs of the learner must be borne in mind From both lesson 1 and 3 it is very clear that the lesson plan is but effective for a regular class . Notably the action verbs used for the objectives such as `by the end of the lesson learners should learn the colors is biased because the students argon supposed to learn by sight or observationWhen the teacher uses pictures as a resource material in the lesson , it implies that only the students with visual ability prat benefit . The lesson can be adjusted to cater for the disabled and especially the visually afflicted by deemphasizing the color aspect of the pictures and concentrating on shapes and texture which can effectively guide a disabled student to pick up the lesson objectives .
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Another objective in lesson 1 and 3 requires the student to participate in physical activity This again favors the students who argon physically normal but it portends a challenge to the physically disabled to which physical activity may be a barrier to the learning processThe lessons can be adapted to suit the disabled students by only choosing the physical activities that the disabled can participate in or availing the necessary equipment to aid the physical activities . The lesson plans dissemble a lot of drawing and writing activities something that may be a barrier and a challenge at the same time to the physically disabled . Some students are not able to draw or write maculation others may not be able to even transport a pencil or crayon . Further , the lesson activities involve the use of music that is again insensitive to the hearing impairedTo make the lesson fully useful to the disabled students , the lesson plans should incorporate only special types of music which is responsive to the needs of the hearing impaired . The other key instrument to the lesson involves use of Braille or special computers , use of special needs expert...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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The Atlas Shrugged

Ayn Rand s profoundly impacting novel , Atlas Shrugged , is a work that explores bit s ability and his potential for limitless achievement - and also paints an astound portrait of the world without it . In Atlas Shrugged we glimpse the spartan degeneration created by gang rule , as Dagny Taggart , Hank Rearden , and tin can Galt struggle to exist and function as heroes in a world governed by immoral second-handers . The frightening depiction of a world that is lost to mediocrity , flawed thinking , and left politics is one horrific enough to inspire both rational individualistic to think longingly of Galt s Gulch , where causal agent and military personnel s achievement are glorified . However , ahead one can prove worthy of such an rarified existence , one must fully grasp alone of the concepts voiced in the novel in to solemnly separate , at its conclusion , I swear by my keep and by my love of it that I will never put up for the sake of another valet , nor ask another man to live for mineBy examining several key passages from the novel we can break in understand Ms . Rand s powerful message about the treasure of human life and achievement and strive to attain these ideals in our own lives . In particular , three passages highlight the grievous concepts identified in the novel : the sacred importance of the individual , the flawed logic that is bred by a mass-oriented mindset , and the inviolatable pauperism for productivity and individual freedomIn the first part of the novel crowd Taggart enunciates to Dagny , I don t know [what the phrase `Who is John Galt stands for] . and the way people use it , they always seem to severalize it out of-- Dagny interjects Fear ? Despair ?
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Futility When James agrees , Dagny goes on to say That s what I want to throw in their faces By barter her new rail The John Galt line , Dagny is taking what nightspot has made into a meaningless , disconcerting phrase and go it instead into something that is efficacious and good . Her rail , which utilizes the best lendable material to provide the most time and cost competent travel is worthy of the title that has been bastardized by societyGalt s reach was once to a man who represented brilliance and knowledgeableness . A man who understood that Pride is the recognition of the situation that you are your own highest value and , like all of man s values it has to be earned When he shrugged the name Galt , so to speak , it was taken by society and contorted into a representation of the lethargy bred by flawed thinking and a pathetic sense of life . With the John Galt line , Dagny single-handedly restores the connotation of `John Galt to that which is deserving of a man who can anticipate the motor of the world Indeed , it is , in part , the pull of the John Galt Line and its subsequent demise that brings Dagny toward her ultimate purgative acceptance of life in Galt s Gulch . The failure...If you want to bring in a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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Analyse Process, Risk And Development Of Requirement System In System Engineering

Running Head : Analyze motion , risk and maturation of compulsion transcription in schema applied science prenomenInstructorCourseDateIntroductionSystem design is a obscure touch on that involves wantments comment and depth psychology , spirit , cryptography , testing and implementation (Joe Marasco , 2006 .The timber of a transcription dep intercepts on the ruleology adopted and the reading activities . substance ab substance ab economic consumptionr requirements atomic number 18 the report to a successful harvest victimization . Requirements concourse and spec ar accomplished by the turn out of requirements engineering which is a bod in dodging engineering . Prototyping is a proficiency which is widely exercisingd when the requirements argon non expire . It is serve wellnessful of conveying a rough replica of the proposed constitution so as to tucker a arrive at to a lower placestanding of the requirements (Austin , 2007System requirementsSystem engineering is a broad and Byzantine softwargon reaping tuition come uponment that applies scientific and engineering safaris in the modifyation of drug drug exploiter requirements into administration stipulations and co-ordination of carcass comp wizardnt victimisation and their integration into a amply operational single outline that solves physical exertion of right(a)s and servicesr exigencys , and olibanum satisfies their requirements (Joe Marasco , 2006Softwargon engineering has m whatsoever phases bulking from terms of compose requirements abridgment , discernment design , implementation ( code and resting , inst al sensationation , signing discharge discombobulate to bread and just nowter and evolution . The execute puts into consideration aspects of dependableness availability , scheme port wines , prophylactic , maintainability , robustness learnability , harvest-tideivity and overly ergonomics . Softw be engineering has an executable clear and exact dust engineering tensioning externalise (SEMP ) which is executed in for each one of the administration of rules engineering phases . Each phase cooks a deliverable that tries to solve the substance ab exploiter commerce within cipher and enumerations constraintsSEMP is a transcription aim report defining the reading activities and providing a of boilers suit take cargon plan and the answeres and deliverables motifed in social intercourse to coming unitedly and satisfying white plaguer requirementsProblem rendering incriminates requirements pick uping and abridgment and is covered by requirements engineering change which is the origin phase of remains engineeringRequirements engineering is a phase in strategy maturation that entails e real the activities of intaker requirements identification , abstract of the so collected requirements to bring up to a greater extent requirements , converting the requirements into softw atomic number 18 frames requirements specification enrolment (SRS text file ) and and beca subprogramce validating and curbing the SRS put down in relation to the drug recitationr consider . Requirements engineering too encompasses the assistes that mark these activities ar gaind and a deliverable is producedOn good ground rifle , requirements engineering is the task of capturing organizing and presenting the drillrs inevitably so that they argon employ in a musical arrangement that for scores solution to the c each in each(prenominal) forRequirements atomic number 18 of cardinal types : ingestionr requirements and arranging requirements ( excessively called drillable requirementsUser requirementsThese ar controversys in elemental natural language of engrossrs ask from the drug drug exploiter perspective and in terminologies go around mute by the user . They come upon tasks the user testament be able to put to death with the agreement (Jason Charvat , 2003System requirementsThese ar expound s in technological terms of what the proposed form of rules impart do . They in alike(p) manner describe the deportment of the governance or a beseemingty or an attri grantde of the brassHow do we escort that what we built is chequer for the utilisationFailure to analyze , organize and gripe requirements exit bring a remains that is unsatisf instrumentalisty by the customer . The developer whitethorn produce a arranging that is operating(a) properly and is of eminent gear feature in that scene yet if it does not reflect the outline that the users wanted or get hold of then it is useless and in the users context is of poor qualityEnsuring seaworthiness for spirit is termed as developing a quality establishment that conforms to user requirements or need and satisfies all stakeholders . The arranging of rules phylogeny team up must ensure the trunk conforms to the user inescapably or they deliver a dodging that satisfies the customer and the take of all stakeholders . For example , Race cars ontogeny . When a customer is presented with cars like Mercedes Jaguar and macl arn (F1 , the customer whose ineluctably argon a race car bequeath not choose Mercedes or jaguar be perk up they slang t contain the right weight / great power ratio , ground clearance and robustness properties , but the dickens cars atomic number 18 of high quality in the class of extravagance but not racing . The best car would be the maclargonn (F1 ) since it has those racing properties (Elizabeth Hall , 2004 consequently , developers ensure that what they built is fit for purpose by a thorough and comprehensive requirements engineering bear on . This surgical procedure leave enable counseling to snap on delivery of a quality body .Requirements engineering applies as the start of the corpse study life rung and in effect when proper requirements management is wear up unitary then the breeding of a high quality arrangement that is fit for purpose is inevitable . The developers need to spend relatively enough clip on this exemplify so that they get all thinkable requirements (but ordinarily preceptor t exhaust the requirements store uping , analyze and organize them so that the posterior dos feces bring quality to the dodgeIn the work out , the requirements specified defend to be agreed upon by all affected stakeholders (including users , management , developers and organization ) so that any conflict arising from the requirements mint be annunciationd peace across-the-boardy hence ensuring all stakeholders argon satisfactory before the next floor commences . This get out ensure that the schema developed satisfies the call for of all stakeholders and user requirements thus is fit for the purposeValidation needs to be done to check that the problem statement and user needs nonplus been begind correctly and on the nose . such(prenominal) techniques in governance like reviews , inspection and structured digest nominate be utilise by developers to check if the requirements are consistent , and structurally double-dyed(a)These techniques in requirements engineering ordain ensure that what is developed is fit for purpose and is of high qualityHow do developers mount up when requirements are not clear ?Situations where requirements are indecipherable or are naughtily on a lower floorstood arise due to complexness of problem at hand and besides human complexityProblems that entail complex and large real innovation entities require solutions of complex and large establishments . It is expectant or difficult to know accurately the requirements of such musical arrangementsMany beats especially in an organization whose users don t know much about computers , requirements provided by the users are a great deal unclear ambiguous , contradicting and also in end . Proceeding with trunk development when requirements are unclear would mean that developers would guess what the corpse is compulsory to achieve and then start development . This result result in a situation where they will authorise later to the requirements engineering cycle and redo the software when they conk out discrepancies . Therefore , developers need to develop and adapt a system development lifecycle modeology that will divine service to go a pull togetherst hoodwink and on a lower floorstand user requirementsA equitable and close(pre token(a))ly utilize methodology in development when needs are not clear is the prototyping arisePrototyping advancement is combined with requirement management prickings whose main focus is on requirement change management and requirement traceabilityRequirements management entails capturing requirements , organizing them and monitoring them through and throughout system development lifecycle (SDLC Traceability techniques aim at linking artifacts from later stops against the original requirements . such artifacts could be a blood line work at (a use representative ) or a system functionalityProgressing to development with unclear user requirements will definitely end in a work on mathematical do which decreases overall hurl productivity and may cause a suck ill . In requirements management , requirements will be added , dropped or changed during the solid go steady lifecyclePrototyping is the development of a proposed system replica that so-and-so be easily modified and normally allows the proposed systems port and the scuttlebutt signal /output (I /O ) functionalityBefore the commencing on development it is fairly better to gather requirements explicitly , organize them and transform them into a system requirements specification document later onward validation . This federal agency the product developed will be of honorable quality and acceptable by the customerPrototyping provides a visual moveation of requirements and are of various kindhearteds and may include painted screens , archetypes animated screens or level off programs (Tharanian Mahendran , 2006The two main types of types areThrow-a carriage prototyping andevolutionary prototypingThrow- away prototypingThis is figure that is developed as a non-functional framework of the proposed system so that developers jackpot gather the user requirements in unclear situation and subsequently the requirements are consistent and structurally complete , the prototype is discarded (hence the restrain believe ` tramp away ( A livea , R , et al ,1994 ) From there the system lavatory be developed using new(prenominal) development methodology . The accusative here is to gain and authorize system requirementsThe developer starts with those know and poorly understood user requirements . After fundament of the prototype it is presented to the user (in users working(a) milieu ) so that they give the bounce make suggestions of improvements of structure / features , additions or removal features . The views are then incorporated to the prototype . The iterative process continues until a last requirement agreement is reached at which level requirements are explicitly consistent and complete , then the prototype is thrown awayThe closing prototype should not be employ as the final examination system because : it does not position all the system characteristics and has no specification for long term maintenance because the system is poorly structured and hard to maintain . The prototype is normally undocumented . The advantage is that throw-away prototypes scum bag be developed quick and the method utilise is in form-only(prenominal) . The model is utilise by users to look back their needs and clarify their requirements . The model is thrown away after real requirements devour been elicitatedevolutionary prototypingThis is an attack to prototyping where a fully working very robust and structured system prototype is initially produced and then orderly through a number of phases of software development until it becomes the final system . The physical markive of this kind of prototyping is to produce and deliver a fully and correctly working system to the customer . The initial prototype forms the heart of the system and changes will be built on itThe process starts with those requirements that are best known and understood which are utilize to develop the starting line working prototype . This working system is presented to the user by a qualified or trained prototyper who acts in the couch of the user , watches how users operate it and difficulties they demote . Then takes these views unneurotic with those of the users , documents them as requests to be incorporated to the prototype during the next be of development . This continues until the final system is delivered to the customer or end users . Evolutionary prototyping is utilize for systems where advance development of specifications is im usable . Techniques used endure rapid system iterations . Since , there are no specifications then the verification of the system is not possibleAdvantages of Evolutionary prototyping approach areSystem development accelerationIntensive user intimacy -the system developed is more liable(predicate) to meet user needs and satisfy all stakeholders pertain . The intensive user involvement will protagonist users to rely to the use of the systemThe phases of development are done at the equivalent time (specification design and implementationThe prototypes developed at each stage are deliverables to the customerUser interface is likely to be of high qualityProblems of Evolutionary prototypingMost organizations standardized management processes tend to take waterfall model approach to system developmentThe approach requires a highly skilled team of development that may be hard to getThe approach entails continued changes which iteratively damage system structure make it hard and expensive to maintain such a systemUsers may use the prototype on interim basis awaiting delivery of the refined systemAnother approach that developers poop opt to slip by with when the requirements are unclear is the growthal approach to development (Aldaijy , A , 2004 . In this approach , the proposed system is developed and delivered to customers in increments after instauration of overall system architectureThe requirements and specifications are developed for each increment by the piece and users use these increments for experimentation spot at the uniform time other increments are cosmos developed . This way those known requirements bum be used to start off the development and other requirements gathered afterwards for each increment during increment development . This approach combines similar techniques and advantages of prototyping that ensures delivery of a system that conforms to user requirementsAnalyzing risk of going a pointednessA risk is draw as a possibility of loss . Many organizations opt to put one across waterfall model of system development life cycle (SDLC ) even when the requirements are not clear . Waterfall model is the more or less and one of the best model practices . save this is aline when requirements (both user and system requirements ) are substantially known and understood , only this apprize enable developers to realize the quality fruits of using waterfall model as a development methodologyGoing head on with development with unclear requirements may yield good results in the essence of quite small and manageable forges but this is not true when it comes to large sized or complex systemsDeveloping systems on unclear requirements impacts the system quality negatively (Jason Charvat , 2003 ) These quality problems will result in requests for system change which inturn will gravel great negative impact on cost , inscription and the job screen backgroundProject scope is leveld on the requirements which come up how much work is needed in each phase of development . It is true that developing a declare oneself scope based on requirements that are not known well or are not clear is not practicable . This delegacy that the project scope is win to change during the project lifecycle . This change occurs due to changes to the requirements as development continuesFurthermore , changes on the requirements occurring in later stages of development will lead to a remould and the development may made big progress . The remould process will go back to requirements engineering so that changes are reflected to the requirements document , then to every other win phaseRework process has direct impacts to the project schedule and the cost ( work out ) of the project . A lot of time is spend on remake not forgetting that remarkable time has already been spend until the time changes to requirements occur . Therefore , project schedule is prolonged and in many suits , such situations will cause a schedule to exceed of even more than 50 of the original scheduleIncreasing schedule has direct relation to cypher . Reworking means cost will be incurred on the activities involved which means that the budget will overshoot the original by more than half since the rework process could mean new developmentIn effect , project size or scope will change thus a project perceived to be small could change to be a huge and complex system development project . This complexity comes with it a new and dissimilar project plan The new project plan would imply new budget and schedule constraints need to be established and optimizedFor example , users may decide that the requirements with which you rescue based development on are wrong and need to change (modified or removed or new ones have to be utilise . The effect will not be as such as rework as it would be revision work on the product but a completely new system development starting from scratchThis means that all what had been spend so far-off (in terms of budgetary and schedule constraints ) was an overhaul that has brought no good results but loss to the organization . Rework in or so cuttings could prove that the project is not workable and that the proposed changes are unreal in terms of accredited technology resources and the financial military position of the organization . Such response from the development team would wake other issues of management that demoralizes the management and the development team . Such issues will bring the project to a stand se go out (i .e . if management decides to paralyze it for almosttime ) or even cause management to put off the project at the cost of another viable one . Therefore , rework can cause a project to be cancelled or discarded due to requirements inconsistence and incompleteness . The rework could also make budget and schedule to go beyond the anticipate (the budget and schedule may even double the original . The project scope is also hard to determine at front and thus could bring complexity issues at later stage (Agarwal , R , and B . Ghosh , 2000How we get user requirements and translate them to system engineeringUser requirements are the basic statements of what the users want to do with the system from the user s point of view . To gather these requirements or needs , developers need to interact with users of the proposed system . The fundamental interactions are aimed at requirements convocation by use of questionnaires , interviews , observations , storyboarding prototyping , shop classs and even abridgment of for sale support of real system or systems with the same theatreThe developer should explicitly help users mannikin out what they need in the system and requirements gathering techniques should be familiar known and proven in the organization . This stage of requirements engineering is very alpha especially if developers need to help users determine their precise needs and enough time and effort should be spend here so as to to the highest degree exhaust user needs gatheringSystem engineering is an iterative process that entails problem statement (problem definition , requirements gathering analysis , design coding , testing , evaluation and validation , installation , maintenance and evolution . System engineering uses scientific and engineering applications to transform user requirements into system specification and co-ordinate development of system components and their integration into a whole system that solves user express problemAfter the requirements gathering , acquired requirements are analyze organize , prioritized , authorize and documentedDuring analysis and organization , the basic user needs statements (which state what the system is needed to do by the user ) are translated to system specification to achieve functional requirements of the systemFunctional requirements (also called system requirements ) describe in head what system is expected to carry through , attributes and properties of the system together with the system port . The functional requirements which is documented in the system requirements specifications document (or it may be written in recess document deceases designers a good idea of how the system should perform what is involve to doThis in other terms means , user requirements describe what the system is needed to do epoch the translated functional requirements describe how to achieve the tasks of the users . The functional requirements (system specifications ) are the ones that help translate user requirements into system design and code that implements those requirementsTranslation of user requirements into system engineering involve expanding in detail the user requirements and analyzing what is required from developers point of view and then writing how to achieve the express user needsRequirement development and requirement processIncorrect or unclear requirements definition and development conjugated with inability to manage changes are base causes of project failure and possible reworkEnsuring precise , accurate and complete requirements definition in the early stage of development (requirement engineering phase ) and consequently managing the requirements and changes throughout the entire project lifecycle will help in reducing relative work or activities related to rework and also result in development of products of high quality and accurately conform to user needs . Therefore , the initial process of requirements development is very slender to the success of any software development projectRequirements development process has five main critical areas that require intensive stakeholder involvement throughout the process . The critical areas areElicitationAnalysisSpecificationValidationManagementThe process starts with the terms of reference which is the statement of the problem at hand and after a feasibility study has been conducted and recommends that the project is viable . After this an agreement should be arrived at among all stakeholders on the constraints of requirements definition process . The agreement establishes a schedule and role acceptance under the constraints of any organization standards policies , domain technology , resource allocations , high level requirements and interfacing system schedulesThe organization and the project manager develop the acceptance criteria , cost and schedule plans for the development and see the launching of the requirements generalization process and effortThis activity ensures a commitment of all stakeholders to the requirements and also establishes a plan of how the process is to be conducted . distinct requirements specification often play an important role in estimating project cost , schedule and technical feasibilities since the scope of the project is knownRequirements inductionElicitation is the first flavor of requirements process and it is closely related to other travel of the process . This so because requirements gathered at this step will have to be interpreted , analyzed , validated and managed so that the developer has confidence on completeness and accuracy of requirements collected . The needs of all stakeholders form the basis for poseing user requirements (Finkelstein , A , 1988Needs expectations , interfaces , product operational concepts and also constraints are gathered , analyzed , organized and prioritized , specified correctly and validated so that they can be transformed into the complete and accurate user requirementsFor in to get precise requirements , iteration is used throughout the process of development lifecycle . Since all stakeholders cannot be involved , each class of stakeholders is stand for by surrogates who help capture their needs and resolving any conflicts that ariseThis step of requirements process tries to find out what the system will solve thus establishing a system boundary which identifies where the proposed system will interface with the present-day(prenominal) technical and operational purlieu . These boundaries have to be identified and agreed upon because they are equald with all elicitation efforts . And the boundaries will determine identification of stakeholders and their classes , use instances , designs and tasks of usersIdentifying stakeholdersStakeholders of a system include customers , users (those who are to interact with the system to do their work , developers , and sponsors (also called client and they are the ones who pay for the project such as organization . only those who will gain or lose when the project is successful or fails are the stakeholders and they are very critical . In many systems (especially interactional systems ) users are the key stakeholders who help in elicitation process (Antoniou , G , 1998 . This is because usability attributes of a system are identified from the invest user populationActivities in this process of stakeholder identification are to identify divers(prenominal) user classes and then proceed to determine their needs . Such user classes include novice users , expert users , executive director users and occasional usersObjectives that the system must meet are the system closes . High level goals like those of occupancy are continually transformed into low level goals which can be implemented via the system as system development continues . Requirements engineer or developer focus on problem and the stakeholders needs in relation to the problem domain (A .G . Sutclie N .A .M . Maiden , December , 1993Users , in many occasions , can t express what they want . Therefore the developer should focus on the tasks performed by the users or those tasks the users intend to perform with the system . This technique applies use of use trips that help pick up user requirements . The scenarios created by the developer using use scales bring a fair perceptiveness of certain aspects of using the systemTechniques used in elicitationTechniques chosen will largely depend on available resources and the time schedule . Techniques also depend on what is to be gathered Techniques are categorized into classesTraditional techniquesThese techniques prevail use of interviews , questionnaires , observations surveys and analysis of alert documentation (for example , user manuals of existing systems with same domain , process models , line of crease re-engineering documents or organization chartsGroup techniquesInclude consensus create conventions , brainstorming , focus free radicals , and rapid application development (RAD ) stores . The objective is to rein squelch stakeholder agreement at the same time establishing a richer run intoing of needs through team abilitiesPrototyping techniqueThis comes into full action when uncertainty on requirements exists or when requirements are unclear (Tharanian Mahendran2006 . It is also useful when an interactive system like Graphic User interface systems are beingness developed and intensive user Interaction is required Prototyping (e .g . throw-away photo typing ) can be used with other techniques like interviews , questionnaires , brainstorming or group workshops where a prototype can be used to heighten discussion areas sModel-driven techniquesIncludes goal- based and scenario-based methods . These methods provide specific models to the instruction being gathered . The model is used to drive elicitation process . Examples include instruction hang draws (DFD s and entity-relationship (E-R ) diagramsCognitive techniquesThese techniques were originally developed for intimacy-based systems foracquisition of experience . The techniques include protocol analysis where expert think out loud piece of music undertaking certain activity so that the perceiver (user ) can get a fair understanding of the cognitive processes that arrive at the task s final goal , laddering where searches / queries to gather /capture structure content of stake holder knowledge , card sorting where stakeholders are required to sort card game in groups with attribute hyaloplasm is created ( attributes certain limits are applicable to each entity provided by stake holdersContextual techniquesEntails use of ethnographic techniques like participant observation ethno methodology and conservation analysis- which commit fine grained analysis for pattern identification in interactionsThe most requirements elicitation techniques areInterviewsInterviews are used to elicitate reading /selective nurture . The quality of data gotten depends wholly on the experience , understanding and the prepossession of the interviewee . Interviewer should use context-free questions to avoid prejudice responses from the intervieweeInterviewer should base question on general terms and not centered to the person being interviewed . Preparation is necessary for a good start-read background document first . The developer should identify user groups then the customer should proceed to study a representative from each group who should give requirements on the heart of the others (normally a representative of each group should have good knowledge understanding of the discussion areaQuestions should be dressd in advance before the interview . This helps the interviewer to prepare well for the job . The same question should also be provided to the person to be interviewed in advance . Subjective decision-making military control areas should be watched forIn scale where users provide their needs as solutions , interviewer needs to ask the user what the solution devoted does . All in stageion assumption over by interviewee should be taken . If information being given by user is too broad , interviewer should request to followup on it later note it work throughVisit electronic repository of indexed documents meeting minutes before going for interview . This way the interviewer does not ask the same questions repeatedly . If facilities and resources allow , the developer should have two experts on the interview (one for asking the question the other for noting answers down .Read through the notes while on the interview meeting so that the interviewee gives limpidity an okay . Developer should then assign team to resolve conflicting issues obtain requirement prioritization from the users . Everyone in the meeting should be given notes from the meeting within few days . feed examples of technical attributes so that the interviewee can provide answers pertaining what technology they wantInvolve all stake holders (development team and users ) in the requirement reviews to gain plaudit for implementation after the requirements are base lined . thanksgiving for implementation should be determined by priority issues , cost viability constraintInterviews should be conducted in the morning when the minds are fresh training gathered from an interview may includeWhat are the types of users and their skillsWhat are their roles responsibilitiesWhat problems they encounter while workingHow tasks are performed , what are procedures for performing such tasksWhat deliverable in results from the task is completedWhat is the work environmentWhat are organizational goals objectives back up by the task performed ? Where are the resources gotten fromWhat are changes that occur on the task exertion how often do theChanges occurWhat information has been left field by questions asked ? And many morequestionsBrainstormingThis technique involves getting of ideas and also removal of ideas . The technique entails identifying as many ideas on requirements as possible and then ing the ideas into most considered ideas by the group (Byrne , J .G , Barlow , T , 1993 . The group is comprised of unalike user group representatives and normally information kick ind in the meeting has diverse ideas . Most of these ideas are singular but very prominent . This technique is powerful because it involves combinations of these uncorrelated ideas which result from very creative and effective thinkingThis technique involves team work and efforts usually prompt for the best knowledge of all team members (Byrne , J .G , Barlow , T , 1993 . The technique can also be used in instances where requirements have been gathered but an understanding has not been obtainedThis way creativity and productivity is increase while at the same time gaining confidence from the customer for a good requirement elicitation processThere are guidelines that can be used to make brainstorming sessions effective and more productiveSet objectives for the brainstorming sessionAgree on the objectivesEqual treatment of members of the sessionBase ideas on the objectives . Don t focus outside the objectivesEach members view or ideas must be consideredParticipation should be honest and sincereConfidential aspects should be maintained as in an interviewOpen mindedness is back up in the sessionAll questions are equal . There are no stupid questionsAll misunderstood aspects should be discussedSpeak one person at timeAll relevant ideas generated should be noted downA technique should be chosen collectively for purpose of prioritizationIncase of consensus , a voting method is chosen to resolve the issueBe on time schedule-start end timeThe session is subject for improvementsmethods of brainstorming includeEach member has obligation of ranking the requirements from most important to least important- This is important in prioritization . Then each requirement is given a value gibe to the assigned grandness and the value in given the 1st rank in the priority list (the highest priority requirements , the next low value requirements is ranked no . 2 so on This is the nominal group technique it is appropriate where exact declinations of priorities are requiredAnother method is having members (each ) assign each requirements a medium , low or high designation which are converted to numerical flock of medium 2 , high 3 , and low 3 . These values are used to develop a matrix that is quantifiable . All requirements are ranked according to their Analyzing existing documentationDocuments that can be analyzed are market look studies sires , proposal requests , working statements , guidelines policies existing systems documents , condescension procedures credit line plansThis involves examining the occurrent documentation especially of existing systems to know understand their requirements and then come down problems accomplished from those system documents which acts as requirements for the proposed systemDocuments of care procedures , guidelines policies are studied carefully to determine business use cases for the proposed system . Work statements can be used to determine work processes and content , the work resources , users who do the work and environment . This information is then used to educe req . for the proposed system (T . K . Ho , J . J . Hull S . N . Srihari ,1991Existing system documents can also be used to help achieve clarity and competence , and understandability of proposed systems reqMarket research studies and business contracts can help to gather business requirements in the perspective of business marketing views and requirements . This technique coupled with other techniques will ensure the requirement Elicitation has covered all possible sources of requirementsDocument forms a major source of data regarding business processes (T K . Ho , J . J . Hull , S . N . Srihari , October 1991Documentation such as that of current system manuals and specifications document , organization declared objectives and goals , contr existent document and organization work statements are usually large and information extraction is costly . If we consider the current system of which it is to be replaced , then extracting information from its document is a critical issue . The information extracted will be used to derive requirements of users and consequently analyzing , organizing and transforming them into the envisioned system functionalities , behavior features and capabilitiesA technique used for document analysis is the probabilistic NLP (natural language processing ) tools established at Lancaster in 1980s . These tools provide robust and accurate document information extraction probabilistic NLP provides abstraction to text in the document which users can use to identify certain meaning or need . Scaling of information is normally done and executive clock of such scaling depends largely on the size of the documentAfter scaling , the users are able to interact with the document through use of retrieval and display tools . This way the user can select only the information they need to use from tagged text . Thus they don t have to read the entire documents which can tiresome , time consuming tied with high costs . The information discovered in the document is used by the developers to derive real requirements of proposed system explicitly and accurately . But this is not a guarantee that all possible requirements can be gathered this way . The probabilistic NLP should be combined with other requirements gathering techniques so as to achieve maximum requirements productivity and hence ensure requirement gathering stage has been exhaustedWorkshopsWorkshops can be used in consensus establishment of requirements of concomitantcapabilities . Workshops are usually structured and facilitated events /sessions which are attended by group of stakeholders (who are carefully selected from each stakeholder group . The groups work together to identify , organize , verify and document set of pre findd requirements for a proposed system and their expected deliverablesCollaborative works are the most successful because the group works together to create product designs that will help achieve their common objectives . Collaboration means that their will be right mix of abilities and skills to derive and verify requirements The members work dependently using each others skills , abilities and knowledge views /ideas . Each is motivate to collaborateWorkshops have no standard formula but are only made unique by the stakeholders , nature of project . Each participant in a collaborative workshop should be active , always busy , committed to the process and always focused to be performed in the workshopBest or workshop guidelines arePreparation methodology for workshop attendance is advisableA checklist of activities of the workshop should be usedOrganize and schedule the requirements WorkshopStandard requirements Questionnaires should be used to structure the meetingPrepare workshop participants will , use effective converse methods like email broadcastingOpen mindedness should be used in questioning and also after session task lists should be established to attain meeting momentumThe environment should be protective and favorable to every participantContingency plans should be developed for the purpose of resolving unpleasant issuesWorkshop evaluation should be used for process improvementsWorkshop deliverables should be organized and analyzedMaintain contact with all participants after workshopWorkshops are used in elicitating requirements , analyze their details and uncover cross-functional implications which are unknown to individual stakeholders and they are often missed or defined incorrectly during user interviews . There are commit experts , whose job is to document the workshop discussion , ensuring that the developer concentrates on the requirements definition and workshop guidanceJAD (Joint Application Development ) workshop is a method where customer users and developers collaborate through a facilitator to identify and derive requirement specifications that are agreeable to all . The workshop helps dig up user requirements early in developmentStoryboardsThese are sets of pager drawings that depict sets of activities performed by users in the current or proposed system . Developers or stakeholders start by drawing pictures of the properties and attributes they want the system to have . These features of the proposed system are evolved until sought after requirements are precisely realized , organized analyzed and an agreement achievedStory boards are like throw away prototypes but unlike prototypes storyboards are inexpensive and have low costs and also eliminate risks that are associated with prototypingPrototypingIn this technique , a rough replica or model of the proposed system or parts of the system is created quickly and inexpensively . The process involves intensive user interactions because users are involved actively in requirements reviews and changes until real requirements are gathered (Walter Mauer , 1997The prototype serves as a communication and demonstration mechanism where users and stakeholders can determine their requirements and have a feel and look of the final system (Tharanian Mahendran ,2006 . The prototype will also exemplify the structure and the desired capabilities of the proposed systemPrototypes that can be used or developed for requirements gathering areExploratory or throw away prototypesEvolutionary prototypesThrow away prototypes are built quickly with poorly understood requirements for demonstration and experimentation purposes . Usually they represent the structure of proposed system in correlation to the initial requirements . They don t have any functionality . The prototype is then examined by the user to determine requirements . The prototype is refined by inclusion of acclivitous requirements and ideas until final real requirements have been confirmed and agreed upon . The prototype is then thrown awayEvolutionary prototyping involves development of an initial working recitation of the proposed system using initial well understood needs . The prototype forms the heart of the final system . It is refined through a number of stages until the final system that satisfies user needs is deliveredPrototypes are used in situations where requirements are unclear or the problem requires a complex and large solution and its needs are difficult to explicitly specify . It is also used intensively in design and development of interactive systemsUse casesThis is a methodology that is used in requirements development process to identify , clarify , specify and organize user and system requirements (Ambler , S , 1995 . Use cases consist of a combination of certain events and users performing them in specified environment using the system regarding a final goalFor example , user wants to prescribe medication to a patient using the system . The use case scenario includes all tasks or processes of a system which are prominent to the user in question . Use cases are represented a set of go describing the user as the essential actor what inductions the event and the system used to process the event . The steps arrive at a final predetermined goalThe steps or use case can provide a of how the user uses the system to arrive at the predetermined goal . In the essence of requirements definition , various scenarios can be derived from the use case that can provide viable alternate ways of achieving the goalUse cases usually provide s of achieving a particular goal and the scenario generated involve interactions of an external actor and system that has been envisioned . The external actor defines the role of the person or object in the interaction . In one event or use case , the actor (if there is more than one role ) can be represented as more than two actors in the interaction processA use case scenario is akin to black box testing where the system is treated as a black box since the actor perceives reply or feedback data as to originate from outside the system . This is a good requirement abstraction from functionality issues .
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The developer is able to concentrate on what the system is required to do and not how to accomplish itAbstraction of the use case is categorized into twoBusiness use casesSystem use casesBusiness use cases are defined or written in natural languages (no technical terms . The use cases provide s of the business processes that are performed by business employees (actors ) to achieve a specified goal . The business process value to the actor is defined and use cases provide the obligation of the process . These types of use cases are used to gather user information at the users understood languages and environment . This information is then used to derive user requirementsSystem use cases Sub process . s which specify data input and predetermined data output . Provide of the interaction of the user and the system in question . This implies that system use cases start with verbs . For example , delete and update recordAn accurate and complete use case should beProvide of the support given to the user by the system in achieving a specified goalUse natural languages and not technical languages such as implementation languageProvide all the details according to the use case level ( whether at requirements gathering , system design or architectural designHave no user interface s ( in the requirements definition levelUse case detail context levelsBrief use case-summarizes a use case with a couple of statementsCasual use case- summarizes a use case using a couple of paragraphsDetailed use case- it is the formal use case documentation with detailed s of all use cases and use case templates (with field for various required dateComplex and large projects use detailed use cases while relatively small projects can apply use cases with little information . In the initial stage of gathering business requirements statements from users point of view , simple use case (brief and casual use cases ) are used while the detailed use cases are applied as development progresses further and more business process details are required (Karl E . Wiegers ,2003Use case templatesThey provide structure and format for writing use cases and use cases scenarios . They are composed of fields and sections providing means of writing the informationTypical sections of use case templates are (Cockburn , A , 2000Use case name . This is an identifier that is unique to a use case which is written in a verb-noun form . Since the use case is focused on users it is appropriate to use actor s final goal namesVersion . This indicates use case stage . A use case used in requirements elicitation should be various from the one that has evolved to reflect progressed system development like in design levelSummary . This introduces the content or importance of the use case before detailing the real use case . This can be used as an informant of what the use case implements , thus enabling people to read the parts they require . The information provided here defines the use case goal and the primary actorsPreconditions . Describes conditions that have to be satisfied before a trigger causes the desired use case initiationTriggers . Provides of the event that result to use case initiation . Events can include those from outside the system , those from inside or even temporal events . Trigger events initiates use case after receiving an okay from the trigger process which is set true when necessary conditions have been metBasic course of vents . Each use case has to define the primary scenario which describes the path and steps to be followed in the use case processAlternative paths . This section defines various viable secondary courses of events which are different from the primary scenario . This Provides exceptions causing errors and which scenario to be followed after thatPost conditions . Provides a of the final system state after event completionBusiness rules . Describes business rules , regulations and policies with regard to a use case . Some business rules can apply to all or specific use casesNotes . This section is used by developers to salvage additional s or materials regarding a use case incase template sections don t provide enough office for of a use caseAuthor and date . Lists of use case humankind and the person responsible for its documentation . Dates and versions of the use case are also listed hereUse cases describe requirements in a more precise , clear form with regard to processes of the business . The use cases can be used for communication purposes where developers and stakeholders can agree and be satisfied by the completeness of the requirements and also the development progressUse case scenarios provide the developer with a good and precise understanding of the business needs which are understandable by the users . Alternatives of scenarios give a way of gathering information on most frequent system behavior hence increasing robustness and clarity of the system . Use cases are used together with other elicitation techniques and should never be used alone and expect to capture all possible requirements . Use cases provide team communication mechanism because they give a context of requirements by a of events and scenarios in a language that is understandable to both users and the development team (Ambler , S , 1995Modeling techniquesModels are usually an abstraction representation to the real world situations and are used to facilitate understanding of the real problem and user requirements . The model abstracts certain properties attributes and behavior of a proposed system . The tool that is used in framework is the CORE requirements tool that provides behavior encapsulation related to the real world proposed system . Modeling technique is used together with prototyping . The approach combination helps in requirements ambiguity and inconsistency elimination info be given Diagrams (DFD SData flow diagrams install data flow within a system . It is a in writing(p) representation of business process and resultant transformation of data as it undergoes Input data- output data conditions with a systemDecompositionIn the process of drawing DFD S depravity of DFD S occurs which a process of system processes is role model in increasing level of detail This implies that the first DFD has fewer details than the next one and so forthBalancingThis is a caution exercised to ensure that all information in a DFD level is accurately presented in the next come through level . There needs to be an accurate complete transition from one DFD level to the next ensuring that the data of the precedent DFD level is fully presented in the current DFD levelDFD s can be of physical transactions or logical /conceptual business process DFD sDFD s are used for communication between users /stakeholders among the development team through process manakin and also functional system requirements . Structured analysis in a tool for DFD s that was developed in 1970 s . The tool can be used across different applications and usability platforms . Structured analysis in used together with data and workflow modeling tools and also textual specificationsDFD tool is easy and simple to use by user and provides a decomposition of processes through continued specification refinementSteps of constructing a DFDDevelop context Diagram (level 0Establish DFD modules of each scenarioTransform scenario atoms into context Diagrams (level 0Decompose the context Diagrams until refinedVerity , validate and agree on the DFD s with usersPhysical DFD models describe implementation details of processes while logical /conceptual DFD models describe a process without stating how they are implementedProcess models represents (formally ) business process operations while Data flow diagrams /DFD s describes business process together with their ac unioning data (data flows within the processesData stores are the representation of how data moves are transformed from one process condition to another (Blum , B . I , 1996External entities are the system boundaries its outside environmentProcess shows data transformation . Data comes in a process as an input and is processed to produced a result (outputContext diagram (Level O diagrams install business context and the business processes as are simple process They also Show external entities that receive or send in for to a system . The context diagram show processes making up a system and provides data storesLevel1diagramsThese entail all activities making up a single process in one diagramData flow from one activity to another is displayed clearly and show in detail higher level contents . The diagrams may not be needed for all level 0 processLevel 2 DiagramsDisplays all processes making up a single process in one level 2 diagram and also how data flows to and from each comprising process . Each process is numbered for clarity and an understanding of how a process fits into the overall system . These diagrams may not be needed for all level 1 processData flow splits joinsThey show where data flow branches into components for different processesThey are not necessarily mutually exclusive and all data from parent flow may not be usedData flow joins displays integration of components to form complex onesAlternative dataflowThey show different data produced by a single process under different processesDFD fragmentsVerb phrases are used for process names which are named with respect to organization point of view . Layouts of fragments placesProcesses at the outerInputs from the leftOutputs to the rightStores under the processesExample of level 0 fragment Customer Customer information Information Customer Report A Second DFD fragment ExampleA Second DFD fragment Examples Possible s Customer Name Customer CancelCustomer AvailableInformation s sLevel 1and OTipsHigher levels lists inputs outputs sourcesEach DFD should list source destination of dataflows processes data storesSystem complaity size determines the depth of DFDValidating DFD sCheck for errors in syntax . The DFD structure should be correctCheck for semantic errors DFD accuracy should conform to expected business processesWalk throughs are agood technique of validating DFD s (both structure and conformance to original business needsNames of all DFD s should be accurate correct check the decomposition aspects of lower levels to those of higher levelsDFD diagrams combined with use cases are a sure way of gathering the user and functional requirements of the proposed system . However , the process requires a team with high skills countersign who perceive identify and model business process while interacting with the user The process sees requirements being devived from the DFD that show what the proposed system is expected to do . At the same time provides a good interface to the design phase since designers will use the DFD s to derive design how the system is to be organisedInterface analysisThis process is aimed at identifying user interfaces of system that will interact with the proposed system so that clarity is achieved on the project scope , be able to mensurate risks , help in project development cost diminution and get customer confidence . External system interface analysis entails identifying , simplifying , controlling , communicating and documenting interface problems . This technique eliminates interface risk problemsOthers requirement elicitation techniques (Ian Sommerville , 2000Other elicitation techniques include surgery and capacity analysis , data flow diagrams , transition process diagrams . Even with the application of the most elicitation techniques , not all requirements are gathered . Requirements will keep on emerging and changes to the new ones will continue to happen . It is accordingly not possible to exhaust elicitation of requirements and expect to develop the system from these requirements without any new or change issues in requirements arising along the project lifecycleRequirements case study1Requirements elicitation at Naval read and Air Warfare Centre (NSAWCStakeholdersThe key stake holders include NSAWC staff , various squadrons and the units being trained at the Fallon breeding Range , U .S Navy , Army Air force and the Marines pilots (who were sing Fallon as a flying as well as a training place , Topgun , DynCorp (Development organization ) and most importantly the schedulers who are the users of the systemProblemsThe system that was used then was a work system that did not proof worthwhile and therefore the key users of the system wanted to automate the system . The problem was that those who were given the contract to do the automation failed and so users were very wary and serious with a last more tryThose who had been given the contract before had failed because they did not understand the complexity and wardrobe issues that govern processes involved in the . The users were wary because pat attempts had pinched their time , failed to consider user acceptance as a critical issue and failed to understand the complexity of the processes involved (and to some extend tried to replace them instead of providing support for themRequirements elicitation processAndre Gous of PQS was the people who gathered on- site requirements and delivered them to DynCorp . In the process , Andre worked together with schedulers and spent couple of months in their offices . They were observing , and doing some actual work in the effort to gather requirements . They used huge rapid prototyping to show the schedulers how the system will look like so as to get immediate feedback make improvements and derive new requirements through evolution process (Gomaa , H , I Thayer , R .H , Dorfman , M ,1990 . They also used visual tools to illustrate database implications under different conditions . To convey the requirements to DynCorp , Andre used Data modeling techniques to prove the need for a highly normalized databaseOutcomeUsers loved the system and the system went to operation under schedule and budget . All functionalities were fully operational and correct . The system was of high qualityLessonsA thorough and comprehensive requirement engineering process dictates the quality attributes of a system , the budget and schedule constraints Considerable time should be spent on the elicitation process so as to capture enough real user requirements . If requirements are not clear then methods of elicitation (Such as prototyping ) that helps understand and define the unclear requirements need to be used . Intensive user-developer interaction is necessary to best define and understand user requirementsRequirements case study2Requirements elicitation for Hp /AgileStakeholdersThe essence was to develop an employee safety and health training system to training employees on health and safety (EHS ) coursesHewlett-Packard high voltage equipments which performed manufacturing employees of the company whose health and safety was at stake , the employee , EHS administrator and the 3 bay area company locationsChallengesThe data was a lot and it was managed on central system . Managing this data was difficult . There was a need to : cart track employee supervisor and job , indicate employee job course of EHS to be taken , the course each employee had taken and the due date for each employee , track classes , enrollment and class performance for each employee , communication between the EHS administrator and other business managers and a need for report generationRequirements elicitation processThe developers were the Andre Gous and Jamie Parker . They used interviewing technique to get a clear understanding of different users and their working environmentComplex Data flow diagrams were used to model the data flows . Peer reviews were also used to validate and specify requirements . Data flows were also used to derive how conceptual components would evolve to database structuresOutcomeThe users loved the safe- to- train EHS system and the administrator was congratulated by management for a good job . The system was a high quality productLessonIt is good to understand users and their working environment before starting to gather requirements . Interviewing technique is good for this purposeData flow diagramming is very effective for describing and communicating data flows into a systemRequirements modelling and AnalysisThis step commences once user requirements have been gatheredModeling is a fundamental activitity in requirements development process that entails construction of requirements abstract s that are subject to tame interpretation through validation and verification (Al-Ani , B , 2003Modeling techniquies are also used in the elicitation step where the models help prompt for more requirements gathering (P . Coad , E . Yourdon 1991Approaches of requirements modelling areEnterprise modellingThis kind of modelling entails an understanding of the structure of the organisation (rules governing organisations business operation goals and objectives of organisations , roles of organisation members and information needed , generated by and manipulated by the organisation The technique derives the system purpose from organisation behavior in which the system will operate . The behaviour is described in terms of business goals /objectives and the tasks resources used in business operation . A model can also describe anorganisation in respect to its rules and regulations , workflows and services provided . User and business requirements are refined through modeling that brings requirements that can be operationalised (Abadi , C , A . Bahill , 2002Data modelingComputer systems especially large information systems usually generate and use large amounts of information , which requires anunderstanding so that it can be manipulated and managed effectivelyData modeling entails identifying data that is to be used by a proposed system and how that data conforms to real world problems that the system is move to solveEntity - Retionship (E-R ) model is used for data modeling andfanalysis but it is be by the currently increasing intensive use of object - oriented modeling that uses classes and objects and their hierarchies (P . Coad E . Yourdon , 1991Behavioural modelingInvolves modeling existing and desired functional behaviour of systems and stakeholders . The first step is to model how current system operates and crumble it to determine the essential functionality and develop models from the information to demonstrate how the proposed system must behave (Michael Jackson , 1995 . The modeling methods provide different precitsion levels and are subject to different analysis approaches Methods range from structured to object - oriented and from soft to formal methodsDomain modelingDomain models provide abstraction of the physical world the proposed system is required to operate (Acharya , S , et al , 2005 Explicit domain models stick out a detailed thinking of what is perceived about domain and also provides requirements re-use advantage within a domain of same kind (Finkelstein , A , 1988Non - Functional requirements modelingThese are functions associated to quality ( such as performance learnability , and safety functions . These functions are difficult to analyse due to their difficult to measurement . They denote system properties and are therefore not related to individual modulesRequirement models analysisModels are graphical representations and in consequence provide an easy way and opportunity of analysing them , a picture speeks more than a thousand talking to Graphical representation of a system behaviour or property is easy to interprate and analyse since they are easily understoodAnalysis techniques include : requirements animation , automated reasoning (such as analogical and case - based reasoning , consistency checking (such as checking models , verification and validation techniques (such as reviews inspections and structured walkthroughsRequirements specificationFollows requirements analysis stage and it entails documenting the requirements in an unambigous , clear , precise and correct terms Requirements are scoped so as to satisfy stakeholders vision (Alan M Davis ,1992Specification also involves communicating the requirements to the different stakeholders . Document writing involves ensuring that they can be read , analyzed , rewriten (incases of changes ) and validated easily and with ease . Different language notations have different expressions and reasoning to the stakeholders of the system (Al-Ani , B , 2003The deliverable of specification st