Hoovers Speech on Rugged Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

vacuum-cleans Speech on Rugged Individualism - Essay ExampleHerbert Hoover was born into a Quaker family in Iowa and became an strip at the age of nine1. He was adopted by an uncle where he learnt strong work ethics that precept him determined to gain admission into Stanford despite mediocre grades. Hoover graduated with a degree in geology and went on to become a smashing mining engineer. Hoovers background shaped his ideals to a great extent because most of his conduct, he worked hard to get what he got. By 1914, Hoover had amassed great wealth from holding high positions, owning profitable silver mines in Burma and royalties from writing the top textbook on mining engineering.2 In essence, he was a self-made millionaire. Additionally, Hoover was a great humanitarian, building his pick up organizing various relief efforts in Europe during the Great War and seemed a great presidential outlook during that period in Americas history one of progressive promise.3 Historical Contex t Hoovers speech on rugged individualism was his final speech on the presidential hunt down trail against Democratic candidate Alfred Smith. Given in October 22nd, the ideals and philosophies he articulated reflected the progressive period that the country was in. The effects of World War I saw America become a determining promoter in international finance, becoming a source of financial aid to the Allies such as Britain.4 The US economy was growing at a rate of 7 per cent annually and unemployment place were dropping e.g. in 1926 it dropped by 2%.5 The country was experiencing an economic boom, strikingly evident in the naked York Stock Exchange where share values increase exponentially within this decade. The trade sector also, was meliorate and consumerism was very high-fridges, radios and automobiles for all households was the goal of this decade and credit purchases were the norm6. Federal banks provided easy loans to finance the prevalent consumerism conclusion and spe culation was at an all-time high.7 This profitable business climate propelled citizens to consider business as a source of national direction. Summary Description This speech outlines Hoovers position on brass involvement in private business. He argues that the governments role in the affairs of the business sector does both entities more harm than good. In his opinion, businesses required stricter controls to ensure efficiency and focus and governments were not primarily concerned with efficiency but with other more important issues. If government problematic itself in business, Hoover declared that it would have to become more centralized, like a dictatorship, and businesses would lose their efficiency. Businesses should keep up or fail without government interference, he reasoned. Hoovers ideals reflected those of his party, and thus rugged individualism is a term that can also describe the Republican philosophy of self reliance to succeed or fail, without any government hand outs. Hoover pointed out the progress that the country had witnessed since the end of World War I. He argued that ... I know of no better test of the improved conditions of the average family than the combined increase of life and industrial insurance, building and loan assets, and savings deposits... these alone have in seven years increased by nearly 100 per cent to the gigantic sum of over 50 billions of dollars... The high consumerism skilful was also reinforced

Arab unity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Arab unity - Essay ExampleHowever, it is mandatory to detect that the Arabs role though to some extent may be little, may be played a locating in the center stage. This study, for this reason, seeks to analyze the various impacts that correlate to the Arabs unity.Arab unity is by no mechanism a new invention, and strides towards a massive cooperation are evident throughout history of the modern Middle East. The above cooperation ranges from Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, to Islamism. In previous decades the formulation of a police host for Arab countries has frequently been frustrated by segment states who believe it is not important to their stability, for instance Pakistan.. The emergency of Arab summit held in Qatar on March 2009, precedent Gaza siege by the Israeli troops, was meant to establish a mutual legal understanding in just about of Palestine allied Arab nations. The attack that resulted in massive human casualties displayed Arabs, disillusionment, disunity and disagreem ent.1 Thus, was the benchmark to necessitate a common ground for the unity of the Arab Nations.In comparison to Europe, new alliances that form the League of Arab States, for instance, on one side was that of Palestinian Liberation Organization, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. While on the other side was that of Syria, Qatar, and Hamas. Rather than joining forces to a common cause that appeared straight forward, and not divisive, the Arab Leagues continuously experienced long-standing disagreements as well as displace rivalries. The above misunderstandings are not only disadvantageous to the economy but also a major(ip) set-backs when it comes to issues that pertain international relations and policies. Interregional unity of the Arab states will be a massive boost to ensuring the desegregation of trans-boundary policies and legislation. Integration of such legislation is what will enhance and speed up the dispute resolution mechanism, without pliable another countrys sovereignty.2In or der to foster a common police force

Geol 3372 Petrography Adopt a rock Research Paper

Geol 3372 Petrography Adopt a thrill - Research Paper ExampleA field research was done where the rock was identified, and physical mental test done to substantiate its characteristics. The paper seeks to explain the discordant types of hornblende andesite and their location around the world. An understanding on the on the plate tectonics association is important in understanding the natural processes that necessitated the formation of the rocks in the various location regions in the world.The thin report section gives the complete picture on the physical and chemic motif of the hornblende andesite detailing its mineral composition. The three minerals that make up the hornblende are Plagioclase, Sanidine mineral, and the Hornblende mineral. A hand hear showing dark gray hornblende in a very pulverised groundmass is also illustrated further to bring out some of the physical characteristics of hornblende.Hornblende is a common rock-forming mineral that is found in igneous and me tamorphic rocks. Hornblende andesite has some(prenominal) different types of minerals at varied percentages (Kepezhinskas 246). The crystals vary in chemical composition, but they are all prototype chain in silicates with similar physical characteristics. The chemical composition of the minerals include metals, such as magnesium, chromium, calcium, sodium, iron, aluminum, silicon, fluorine, manganese, potassium, and hydroxyl (Kepezhinskas 246). The above chemical substances vary in percentages. It is composed of calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron aluminum, silicon, and Fluorine and hydroxyl groups. Different composition of these chemical substances makes the appearance or the optical properties of the rock to differ .The general optical characteristics of the hornblende andesite arenumber 1.1 shows a hand specimen showing a dark gray hornblende in the very fine-grained groundmass (Kepezhinskas 246). The hornblende andesite minerals consist of the different chemical

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Foreign Policy - Essay ExampleEither way, there is more to remember when gauging the spatial relation in Iraq than casualties and tax dollars.In section VI Ignatieff addresses a major issue that has dual-lane the rural argona internally and raised comparisons to Vietnam. Recruitment is down and it appears that the price to preserve and spread American ideals may be too high. (Ignatieff, 2005, Section VI, par. 5). An new(prenominal)wise view presented by journalist William Greider is that Iraq is already worse than Vietnam. He believes that the war in Iraq is different from Vietnam in one fundamental respect A substantial fate of Americans (and others around the world) were in the streets protesting this venture before the shooting startedvirtually every element of what has gone wrong in Iraq was cited by those demonstrators as among the reasons they opposed the march to war (Greider, 2004, par. 7). While Ignatieff may not full comply with such a statement, at the very least it outlines the foundation of realist sentiment.Thomas Jefferson is introduced as a suitable reference point for the reader. His questionable morals and apparent contradictions to American freedom reflect the current situation in the center field eastbound. It also quickly addresses the internal struggle of idealism versus realism that is threatening to elevate divide the nation (Ignatieff, 2005, Section IV, par. 5). Jeffersons idealism and his legacy present a problem on a global level and is one reason for the international dissention over the situation in Iraq. Also, this Jeffersonian idealism or more specifically, later Presidents striving to achieve it has made the situation in the Middle East volatile and has challenged the universal of acceptance of American democracy as ideal democracy.Ignatieff suggests that Iraq and the perceived democratization of the nation is an extension of Jeffersonian idealism. He farther notes that Jefferson exemplifies the contradictions that co ntinue to plague American freedom (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 3). champion other point of interest is when Ignatieff states, that until George W. Bush, no American President - not even Franklin Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson - rattling risked his presidency on the premise that Jefferson might be right (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 4). Herein lies the crux of the article, are Jeffersonian ideals and American democracy at this point, the same thing Looking at the reaction of the Middle East, most of Europe and Canada, this seems doubtful.Over the past 60 years in the Middle East, America has systematically become close to tyrants in the region (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 6). This in turn has caused a certain story of instability in the region and certainly does not embody the democratic vision of the founders of the United States. This threatens to further alienate America on an international level, which can be a problem. Also noted as a sign that American democracy may not be universal democracy, is that while other powerful nations have shifted left on the political spectrum, America has moved further right. This is shown by among other things a huge divide in rights for homosexuals, concern for healthcare and Americas willingness to use Gods will as make factor behind foreign policy (Ignatieff, 2005, Section III, par. 3). Overall, this article does an exceptional job of

LLB CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB grow LAW - Essay ExampleNash v. Inman, http//www.bcli.org/pages/publications/lrcreports/reports(html)/lrc26index.htmlAccording to Law of Contracts, in many ways the contractual capacitance of a pip-squeak differs from that of an adult. An individual below 18, who is legally a minor, according to Family Law Reforms Act, 1969, cannot enter into contracts easily, because they are grouped under valid, void and voidable contracts and hence, they hold very little legal authenticity. Valid contracts broaden necessities and this means, they have to pay for the necessities1 and legally liable to do so, if plaintiff could prove that goods supplied are suitable in minors station in life and are his actual requirements2 and here, necessities3 and luxuries4 are different and the terms should not be onerous5 and if plaintiff has all these on his side, still he will get only a fair(a) price and not a contractual one.Minors are bound by beneficial contracts service, which is unremarkably for their own benefit, mainly termed as beneficial contracts and these include education, training, apprenticeship, and a Court can decide that minor should go through these contracts, even if some of them are not totally beneficial6 for him at the time conflict. sometimes during the course of time circumstances might prove that a minor does not particularly wishing those benefits any more7.

Child Labour and Nikes Views on it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Child Labour and Nikes Views on it - Essay ExampleFurthermore, because countries independently regulate child affair there is no uniform custom to draw on in this area at all. Accordingly, the mountain range of what is and isnt child cut into is unclear. This will become evident in the discussion below. The starting point for delineate child labor is to ask who, in this context, is a child? The unenviabley encountered in answering this forefront highlights one of the most fundamental problems of regulating child labor and goes to the heart of the dilemma of determining when it is acceptable for a child to regulate. Child labor is considered abhorrent because a child of a veritable senesce does non have the maturity to make decisions or exercise her free will, and is especially physically and psychologically vulnerable (Forastieri, 2002). Defining Labor Defining labor, in the context of child labor, is almost as difficult as defining a child. Some practices can be easily id entified as labor mine and factory work are obvious examples. Other practices, however, are harder to define, and the process of outline a line between work that is acceptable and work that is not is a tricky one. Whether or not a child is engaged in labor must depend on the event of work the child is doing, the effect it has on her, and the amount of time she is expected to spend doing the work (i.e., does it arbitrate with her education). Whether a child is being paid, or is working in or for the family, does not alter the fact that she whitethorn be engaged in labor.... Child labor is considered abhorrent because a child of a certain age does not have the maturity to make decisions or exercise her free will, and is especially physically and psychologically vulnerable (Forastieri, 2002). Defining Labor Defining labor, in the context of child labor, is almost as difficult as defining a child. Some practices can be easily identified as labor mine and factory work are obvious exa mples. Other practices, however, are harder to define, and the process of drawing a line between work that is acceptable and work that is not is a tricky one. Whether or not a child is engaged in labor must depend on the type of work the child is doing, the effect it has on her, and the amount of time she is expected to spend doing the work (i.e., does it interfere with her education). Whether a child is being paid, or is working in or for the family, does not alter the fact that she may be engaged in labor. All that changes in the different scenarios are the obligations of states. Indeed, although states are nevertheless specifically required to regulate employment, they are obligated to protect children from all work that interferes with the childs education or is otherwise harmful to the child. Child labor In the past decade, the issue of child labor has attracted change magnitude attention. In times past, the topic has been the focus of action at both the national and internat ional levels, that it has never been an issue of major concern. However, since the mid-1980s, the world has paid greater attention to its most voiceless inhabitants. The word sense of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) by the General Assembly in 1989 illustrates this general trend. In addition to enumerating new rights, the

The History of Native of Americans Research Paper

The story of indwelling of Americans - Research Paper ExampleThey form several tribes and there are around 335 federally recognized tribes in the United States alone, excluding Alaska. The 2011 United States census bureau shows that there are approximately 5.2 meg Native Americans. The Native Americans have a rich and diverse nuance which date back to their ancestors and their culture has contributed greatly to their wider recognition (Barnes 76). Modern day Native Americans and where they roll in the hay in the United States Most forward-looking day indigenous Americans live in North America in the United States and Canada. The modernized ones live in large cities with a nonher(prenominal)wise races and some in the militia where they farm and hunt. Those who live in reserves have some Indian laws that govern them. For instance, some have tax laws that differ greatly to states locomote laws. In some tribes, alcohol and gambling are illegal and are severely punishable. Even though the Native Americans of the United States are subject to their tribal laws and elect tribal elders who lead them, they are withal the citizens of the United States and they obey and follow the federal laws of the United States (Bright 31). They also vote just like the other races and can join and serve in the military or police. Studies show that most Native Americans in the United States are still trying to cope with adjustment of civilization and belong to all scotch classes from the most primitive to the most sophisticated. Majority of Native Americans have adapted modernity and face the luck of becoming endangered. This is because the children of the Native Americans fail to learn their native language, leading to death of the languages. According to the 2008 census 70 percent of Native Americans live in the urban areas and like to be identified by their tribes much(prenominal) as Cherokee, Beothukm, Inuit, Hawaiian, and Cree Indian among others. Many of them like spea king their languages or maintain their practices even if they are thousands of miles outside from their homelands (Carney 28). The largest Native American tribe according to the 2006 census was the Cherokee with a population of 331,000, followed by Navajo with 230,000. The economy of the Natives ranges from reasoned to worst, a few have made it affluence particularly those who have utilized natural resources in their lands and those who trade oil and run casinos. The rest of thousands of Native Americans are still in poverty and endure on hunting and small-scale farming (Bright 77). They live at starvation levels and the government of the United States provides instigate to support them. The 2006 census shows that the median annual income of a Native Americans household by was $33,132. The revenues of their businesses in 2002 amounted up to $26.4 billion. The percentage of Native Americans living in poverty was 22, while that of the ones with no health insurance was 29 percent. In terms of education, some are highly educated. The 2006 Census shows that the percentage of Native Americans with a high school diploma is 77% while 14 % have a bachelors percentage point or higher. Majority of these have relocated to the cities where they work to earn their living (Pritzker 67). Some have all in all assimilated and even intermarried with the white race and other races. However, some live in complete isolation from other races. The relocation programs run by various organizations and the federal government have considered the Native Americans for jobs in the cities (Carney 47). The compound Era The colonization of America by Europeans was encountered by resistance and rebellion from the indigenous people. The Native Americans did not want their lands to be taken or get subjected to alien

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Essay

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Post Modern Society - evidence ExampleNarrowing this concept down to the realm of criminology, Borowski quoted James Wilson has saying, the only morally defensible and efficient strategy for reducing offensive activity is to attack its finalise cause (Borowski, 2).In the attempt to attack criminology from its root causes, scientist and philosophers, over time, have evolved countless theories, each theory seeking to better explain the logical causative reasoning behind crime and immoral motivation. Policies and programmes aimed at the reduction and prevention of crime have been, understandably, eer based on one or more of these theories, with the utility of such policies and dodgings depending on the strength or weakness of such theories.This paper first reviews the concept and definitions of crime and criminology it then examines some of the notable coetaneous theories, Classicism, Individual Positivism, La w and Order Conservatism, Social Disorganization and Anomies/Strain theories. These theories selected to examine a broad notional perspective from exclusive to neighborly theories and finally re-appraises the relevance of these theories and their compliance or otherwise with the conditions obtainable in a postmodern society.Criminology is an advanced theoretical field of study and should be differentiated from Criminal Justice, which focuses on the component of justice system such as courts, police and correction and/or rehabilitation facilities. Criminology embodies a wide array of theories and hypotheses seeking to explain the root cause(s) of criminal behaviours, the tendency towards and the pattern of criminal activities and excessively attempts a prognostic utility in the reduction and prevention of crime.Wikipedia online encyclopaedia describes criminology as a brotherly phenomenon that includes the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behaviours as well as the deve lopment and effectiveness of policies and penal system. Criminology has a long news report dating back to Lombroso who is generally considered as the father of criminology, in the late nineteenth century. It has since become a separate field of study, completely divorcing itself from sociology, the parent social discipline. Over the years, criminology has developed its own method of thinking, synopsis and hypotheses testing and has evolved theories that explain, in details, norms and values on which the society is based, what constitute crime and criminal behaviours against the society, and ideas, methods or policies that may be utilized in combating and reducing crime.Regardless of societal variance, each community or social group of people are guided by a set of established norms and belief system on which co-existence, mutual trust and family ties are based. Violation of these, in whatever form, constitute what is known as criminal behaviour. Crime may be seen from different p erspectives, depending on the values of each society, crime against the individual or crime against the state. When the responsibility of dealing with crime, establishing guilt and appropriately punishing offenders is vested on the state authority, crime is seen as a violation of social order and thus an act against the state. But, when this responsibility is shared among all member of a community, criminal acts are therefore seen as offences against individuals, and the community, victim and offender inclusive, determines what appropriate sanctions the criminal act deserves. Nevertheless, what constitute

Bonnville Power Administration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bonnville Power Administration - Course run for ExampleThese are paid positions with full benefits. here(predicate) is a chance to get firsthand experience in stationary engineering and get your skills tested. This besides lays a concrete path for long term career growth and development in the house of stationary engineering.In the field of stationary engineering at BPA, jobs are available in Mechanical, Electrical, urbane Engineering, IT at varied levels. Entering as a trainee engineer, newcomer is eligible for consecutive promotions for two or three levels, once they complete six months intensive training successfully.Student Trainee (Electrical Engineering), GS-05 Work is regarding testing infection lines and high-voltage phasing or working with a variety of equipment like transformers, power circuit breakers, and static capacitors. similarly above jobs in the key fields, BPA also offer jobs in the field of Information and Technology, Program Analyst, asseverator Specialist and many allied and related fields, which are important for effective execution of the various work

What are the most important factors that influence the National Health Essay

What are the almost important factors that influence the National Health Service in Modern Britain - Essay ExampleThis opus analyses the influential factors that have shaped the structural aspects of the National Health Service in modern Britain.With a divisive background where state owned hospitals, the general practitioners and community as well as the domiciliary healthcare based services functioned as independent statutory entities, a new approach towards a modernized system with regards to the supply of comprehensive and co-ordinated healthcare services was fast needed to replace the senile order (Markwell, 2009). The conception of the term modern denotes an era (1960s onwards) characterised by the adoption of a holistic general anatomy of reference where traditional strategies were/are critically rethought over to capture the ever expanding consumer interest in a range of complementary healthcare approaches in the wake of a stronger wave of counter-culture (Daunton and Rie ger, 2001). With industrialisation at hand, applied science and political dynamics have played fundamental roles in directing policy shifts in residence with a more demanding and ballooning populace.According to the Guillebaud Report, the changing trends in health issues and illness, the need for harmonious workings relationships between the general practitioners and worldly concern hospitals towards more efficient preventive mechanisms, and the need for adequate healthcare provision to the growing number of the elderly in their own homes were issues of concern that needed to be addressed if the solid ground was indeed serious in meeting every justifiable healthcare demand of its citizenry (Markwell, 2009). In fact, the impact of the growing numbers of the aging population on the NHS is indeed tremendous the average public expenditure for retired households has nearly doubled that for non-retired households. The 2007/08 average value of NHS services for retired and non-retired population stood at 5,200 and 2,800 respectively a clear indication of direct influence on

Educational Psychology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Educational Psychology - Article ExampleIn addition, online education system is perceived as a mode that offers low-cost education in a flexible program at heart a limited time span in contrast to the traditional methods of classrooms. The blended/hybrid cut applies both traditional and online methods. This delivery is used for practice and real application in that the student is personal with a check intoer who can rectify wherever wrong (Hill, 2012).Many university heads in United States choose found it useful in incorporation of online studies in their institutions. The senior leaders claim that the online education should be considered as a strategic plan in every university. For example, the university of Virginia board of governors has pressured the introduction of online causes (Hill, 2012). The finding in this article is effective since the researcher used a quantitative method.Education psychology as a field is involved in education and psychological development of chil dren and the young people within the home, aim or community at large. The Bible claims it very clear that children are gifts from God (Psalm 1273). Moreover, it claims that everybody has his or her avow talent. Therefore, a child whose talent is not academically suited will incur some problems in studies. For example, a child may be blessed in sports activities. Such child may be poor in academics. Education is identified as the key to success and good communication. Therefore, such unprivileged children should be helped in a special way for them to improve their academic performances. Education psychologists should posses specialized skills in gild for them to work positively with the children in nurturing of their learning, behaviors and social stability.Educational psychologists are trained to handle children depending on their needs. They train in child development, learning psychology and teaching skills. They take time studying childrens usable

Langkawi Island Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Langkawi Island - Essay ExampleIn the eight intervening years, I have learned that tourism has begun to soar on Langkawi Island. I look forward to returning someday so that I can witness the immense progress that has taken place since I was persist there.One of the most enthralling sires that can be had on Langkawi Island is to witness the vastness of the rainforest from the Langkawi chuck Bridge. This is the perfect place in which to gain a true understanding of the awe and wonder that this vista provides. The Langkawi Cable Car provides an equally stunning view of the horizon. There are a number of move along the way allowing travelers to spend time to take in the gorgeous views of the skyline and beyond. I myself took replete(p) advantage of this opportunity when I was there, and I have to say that the views on offer are valuable and well worth the cost.Apart from the Sky Bridge, Langkawi also has the Kilim Karst Geoforest super C, which showcases the rich wildlife that th e island is so famous for. Just travel through the park gives a thrilling yet scary feeling, somewhat like the Jurassic Park film. Further into the park are many limestone caves, which are a sight to behold. Many of the caves cannot be entered by tourists for the simple fact that they must be preserved in pristine condition, but they are alone fascinating to look at even from a distance. The radiating glow emanating from the caves is spellbinding, and something that everyone should at least experience one in their lives.The southern islands of Langkawi are densely populated with tourists due to the many number of beaches on offer. One beach in particular, Pantai Cenang, seemingly goes on forever. The fine white sand allows you to walk smoothly along the beach during an evening stroll. This beach is also host to many bars and restaurants, making it the perfect spot for tourists looking to have a good time. A

Helen and Hosea Client Profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Helen and Hosea Client Profile - Assignment ExampleHosea parents were missionaries in Africa, which was where he was born. Hosea spent the better part of his childhood and teenage years. He studied in different world-wide schools where he developed a love for sports. He graduated from Africa University in 2001 and went on to work for trine years with a Sports organization called Cheza which means Play in the African Swahili dialect where he was nonrecreational $ 30,000. He later went to Regent University for his Masters degree, which was fully sponsored by the religious organization that employed his parents. He managed to redeem $ 10,000 by keeping all his expenses to a bare minimum while at college. He started working(a) as an assistant college coach the month after his graduation earning $70,000 for three years then got promoted and started earning $80,000. He plans to continue working with this club for as long as he can. Hosea has written some books on sporting in Africa, w hich has brought him quite good revenue returns. He got 475,000 as net income, which he got after the book sales. He plans to write more books before he retires.Helen originally trained to be a social worker. She worked for the inner city program in Ontario for five years after graduating earning $35,000. The pay was not so good but she liked what she was doing and felt fulfilled. It was while working there that she got involved with her underway school that was doing a better job in the inner cities. They offered her a job, which paid better $55,000 and provided bare(a) housing within the schools grounds. It was during a sports tournament when she met Hosea, and later got married. She decided to further her education by pursuing an online Masters degree in education at Regent University, which confirmed her authentication as a teacher. Helen now earns $73,000 and plans to continue working with the school until retirement. She also just opened up old peoples home in a house she i nherited from her maternal grandmother, which has been bringing in $150,000 per year. She had interpreted out a loan of 300,000 to renovate the property and to hire new staff but she believes she lead be able to repay the loan in about three to five years. The house is worthy $ 2.5 million, as it is located in the more expensive side of town. Her grandmother had come from old money. Helen though believed in living a modest life.

Adversarial system of justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adversarial form of arbitrator - Essay congresswomanAdversarial system of justiceWe can argue that Gideon V. Wainwright lost his case in 1963 because he lacked the bullion to hire a lawyer to prepare his defense. This was after he requested the judicatory to appoint a lawyer for him which the court refused. He defended himself in the trial and got convicted by a jury leading the court to sentence him to five years in a state prison (Fridell 69). It educates speculated that the state courts lack of assigning Gideon a counsel violated his right to a fair trial. This clearly shows that this system is adversarial in name only. Question is, does a system that places value on winning encourage treatment and fraud? The clear answer to this indicates vividly if this system of justice is losing or gaining.This system is full of deception because the law gets highly manipulated to favor the side that can argue best. We are losing more because truth and justice do not play a role in its operation. Winning and losing is the main goal of the adversarial discriminatory system (McBride 94). It is a game of words where every side attempts to discredit the others witnesses and evidence. Lawyers get obligated to ch bothenge the evidence against their clients even if it means impugning the police. They even attack a victims or witnesss character. Any judicial system should ensure justice. The adversarial judicial system is increasingly leading to injustice because lawyers bargain for less punishment or no punishment at all for even those that are guilty. This means that more and more people are suffering injustice with this system.

Schedule Recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

schedule Recovery - Essay ExampleThe flight routes are of the same time length and as much(prenominal) flight throwping has no effect on the amount of fuel cost or maintenance movement per flight time. Both aircrafts travel the same hours as previously scheduled. Aircraft A go forth be in SCL at the hold back of the recovery period instead of being in ALX while Aircraft B go out be in ALX at the end of the recovery period rather than in SCL.Aircraft swapping as a recovery option also requires crew to swap. The one of the two crews assigned to each flight has to swap as the other one remains with the aircraft. Flight swapping calls for the reserve crew to be called to fill in the gap created (Belobaba, Odoni, Barnhart 265). The crew now assigned to WA 1269 will end up in ATL at the end of the recovery period on flight WA 1276. The three crew remaining will be assigned to flight WA 1270 and at the end of the recovery period they will end up back in SCL on flight WA 1280.Passenge r disruption is minimized in this schedule. The affected flight 1269 results in zero passenger disruptions. Flight WA 1270 will keep back to be delayed for 20 minutes before departure arriving in PHX at 1500h. As a result, in that respect is 20 minutes arrival delay. Although the flight is delayed, the passenger to ALX will not be affected as the next flight WA 1280 will be ready for departure as scheduled at 1600h. The connecting passengers on flight WA 1270 but on a contrasting airline have a chance of misconnecting.Deadheading costs of crew members that find themselves in one position rather than in the vernacular position. This crew, although, not flying the plane are still considered on duty and have to be pay for this flight. This cost is affected by the place of residence of the crew.Compensation cost of passengers by the airline affects those passengers that have connections to different locations, but with a different airline network. This cost is influenced by the num ber of passengers who are connecting with different

Funding a Business Venture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Funding a Business Venture - Assignment Exampleh Parkers funding comes with its pros and cons, Wolf found it as the preferred source, considering financing risks and possible help he could get for the promotion of cart tracker.Investment banking matches the needs of those who have money and those who need it (Wise, 2006). And investment bankers, such as Goldman Sachs, raise capital by underwriting securities or working as an agent to issue them. They also dish their clients with acquisitions and mergers as well as other ancillary services. Their significance lies in their ability to finance capacious projects and help their clients with acquisitions and mergers.Stock market facilitates the buying and selling of shares (Fontanills & Gentile, 2001). Shares of those companies that are listed in stock exchanges, such as New York and London, are traded there. Stock market is one of the best sources of raising capital and spreading the associations ownership widely.McLaney says risk is an important element of all financial decisions and must be considered (2009). risk of infection financing relates to managing funds for unexpected losses to the company. It is important to make provisions for weathering unexpected losses. Start-ups face more uncertainties than old ones roughly market, sales, competition, cost of production, and failure.Funding a start-up business is a major challenge. Gary Wolf, a agent junior scientist with the General Electric (GE) with several minor but useful inventions under his belt, came to know about it when he wanted to start his own business, Tracker Co., to develop and sell a tracker. The tracker would help viewers to track and record television programs that met the pre-designated specifications, when the viewers were away from television. While recording, the device would skip too violent or sexually explicit scenes. After carefully considering all options, Wolf decided to get funding from a business angel.Wolf needed $50,000 to s tart. Out of this, $40,000 was necessary to set up a laboratory to

Economy Exam Questions Essay Example for Free

Economy Exam Questions Essay1. The Pris geniusrs predicament involves two spies who are held in separate soundproof rooms. But even if the two spies could communicate, what makes it difficult for them to deliver the goods the cooperative solution (both non confessing)?2. A key to analyzing subgame perfect equilibrium strategy in nonparallel games is3. In making promises that are not guaranteed by trine graphemeies and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, all of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms draw4. The starting point of umpteen methods for predicting equilibrium strategy in sequential games is5. Credible promises and hostage mechanisms can confine a unbroken stream of cooperative exchanges except when6. Firms that have a cover charge for their customers and charge for each power point they purchase as well are exhibiting7. Third-degree price discrimination exists whenever8. To maximize profits, a monopolist that engages in pr ice discrimination must allocate output in such a way as to make identical the ____ in all markets.9. Vacation tours to Europe invariably package visits to disparate regions cities, mountains, and the seaside. Bundling, a type of second degree price discrimination, is most profitable when10. ____ is a new product set strategy which results in a high initial product price. This price is reduced over judgment of conviction as demand at the higher price is satisfied11. Contracts are distinguished from tactical alliances by which of the following characteristics12. When someone contracts to do a task but fails to put full effort into the act of an agreement, yet the lack of effort is not independently verifiable, this lack of effort constitutes a13. When borrowers who do not intend to repay are able to hide their bad credit histories, a lenders well-intentioned borrowers should14. To compass its purpose a linear profit-sharing contract must15. When retail bicycle dealers advertise a nd perform stock warrant repairs but do not deliver the personal exchange message that Schwinn has designed as part of the marketing plan but cannot observe at less than prohibitive cost, the manufacturer has encountered a riddle of ____.16. The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model.17. ____ yields the same results as the theory of perfect competition, but requires substantially fewer assumptions than the perfectly competitive model18. ____ occurs whenever a third party receives or bears costs arising from an economic transaction in which the individual (or group) is not a manoeuvre participant.19. The antitrust laws regulate all of the following business decisions except ____.20. The sentiment for increased de decree in the late 1970s and early1980s has been felt most significantly in the price regulation of21. The ____ depicts the risk-return relationship in the market for all securities22. If the acceptance of ent er A makes it impossible to accept Project B, these projects are23. Capital expenditures24. The decision by the Municipal Transit Authority to either refurbish live buses, buy new large buses, or to supplement the existing fleet with mini-buses is an example of25. Which of the following items is (are) not considered as part of the net investment calculation?1. In the linear breakeven model, the difference between selling price per unit and variable cost per unit is referred to as2. Evidence from empirical studies of foresightful-run cost-output relationships lends support to the3. Theoretically, in a long-run cost function4. In a study of banking by addition surface over time, we can find which asset sizes are tending to become more prominent. The size that is becoming more predominant is presumed to be least cost. This is called5. A ____ total cost function implies that borderline costs ____ as output is increased.6. In the linear breakeven model, the breakeven sales volume (in dollars) can be show by multiplying the breakeven sales volume (in units) by7. Long distance telephone service has become a competitive market. The average cost per call is $0.05 a minute, and its declining. The likely reason for the declining price for long distance service is8. All of the following are mechanisms which reduce the adverse selection problem except ____.9. In the long-run, firms in a monopolistically competitive industry lead10. An experience good is one that11. The price for used cars is well below the price of new cars of the same general quality. This is an example of12. In the short-run for a purely competitive market, a manufacturer will stop production when13. Experience goods are products or services14. Declining cost industries15. In natural monopoly, AC continuously declines due to economies in dispersion or in production, which tends to found in industries which face increasing returns to scale. If price were set equal to fringy cost, then16. When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation.17. Regulatory agencies engage in all of the following activities except _______.18. ____ as practiced by public utilities is designed to encourage greater usage and therefore spread the fixed costs of the utilitys coif over a larger number of units of output.19. The practice by telephone companies of charging lower long-distance range at night than during the day is an example of20. Some industries that have rigid prices. In those industries, we tend to21. The introduction of a kinked demand curve under oligopoly conditions may result in22. Barometric price leadership exists when23. A cartel is a situation where firms in the industry24. Even ideal cartels tend to be unstable because25. Some market conditions make cartels MORE likely to succeed in collusion. Which of the following will make collusion more successful?

The Pros and Cons of Employee Drug Testing Essay Example for Free

The Pros and Cons of Employee do drugs Testing EssayDrug do by in the turn overspace is a popular, global problem if we believe in an Ameri fecal matter research study make by William F. Current. He quotes, that 75% of all drug addicts who are older then 18 years work within an presidential term.Again, 75 % of them consume drugs at work. He assumes, that if you raise e actuallybody from the working society amid 18 and 40 years of age, 25% would be drug positive.The Chicago association of commerce and industry, has an level off more(prenominal) dramatic view on that topic. They say that 93% of all organizations father problems with drug wedded em-ployees.The American National Institute of Drug laugh at says that one out of five employees be-tween the age of 18 to 24 has drug problems and one out of eight people between the age of 26 and 35.Lower work and accidents is the direct cause of drug abuse. Most of the time, in fact 80% of the accidents caused by drug abuse the people who deal harmed are not doing drugs.2. Signs of Drug abuse in the workplaceWe are able to enlighten the sings of drug abuse into five different categories1.Efficiency is not reached anymore, for instance a lot of mis germinates, neglectfulness, low work tonus, lack of concentration, tiredness, unable to do dispositions.2.Reduced attention and absence, for instance not showing off for work, arriving late very often, often absent on Mondays and subsequently holidays, long lunch-brakes etc.3.Attitude and physiological appearance, for instance apathetic air against rules and regulations, unatt destinationed appearance and hygiene, sleazy work, bloodshot and watery eyes etc.4.Health and Security, for example often refer in accidents, disinterest against safety rules, disregardful use of dangerous machines etc.5.Problems within the family, for example marriage issues, divorce, silver problems, bankruptcy.Consequences of Drug abuse in the WorkplaceDrug abuse, is not only harming the addict himself, its also harming the colleagues, the organization and the industryConsequences for the consumer purblind reactionbad motor functionbad cooperation with colleaguesreduction of the brain workcause of accidents and de somaityhigher disease sensitivitysmaller gainsless possibilities to move the careerunemploymentConsequences for the colleaguesbad working cash machinelow employee moralemore misunderstandings and disputesmore accidents and injuriesFor the organizationbad product and service qualitymore product mistakesunsatisfied costumersinefficiencyhigher absenteeism demoralise productivityworse working conditionsburglaryhigher employee turnoverFor the Industrylower productivityworse servicescarceness of assets and liabilitieshigher pricesFive steps to set up Anti Drug Programs in companiesIn the past years, drug testing became more and more normal within american compa-nies. already 98% out of the 200 biggest US-companies use drug tests.To do Drug tests in companies, you be possessed of to smack at these five points1. The Anti-Drug Policy of the company has to be clear and easy to understand in a written formThe company has to inform employees and former employees about the strict prohibi-tion of drugs in the companyThe organization has to explain the reasons for this embargo (security, health, trust-worthiness etc.)The Company has to inform its employees about the consequences if this rule is not respected2. A special develop for the supervisors of some compartmentsThese are the people who have to be suspicious about drug abuse3. All employees have to be aware of the seriousness of the anti drug rules in the company4.Implementation of Programs to help employees with their problems before they start use drugs5.Implementation of a drug testprogramAssumptions to accomplish employee drug testingThe European Union supports drug testing in companies since 1996/1997.The EU recommend to take a look at the following pointsthe probation h as to be retraceable and the privacy of the donator has to be assuredthe cut-off levels for drug screening and confirmatory tests has to be defineda positive screening test, has to be assured by an official laboratorypermanent training for the test performing employeesexternal quality assurance and accreditationThe Pros of Drug testing on employeesTest of Job candidateOne of the most used form is the testing of a new candidate for a job.Like this, the company is able to avoid drug problems from the beginningTest of Security sensitive jobsPresident Bush, singed in 1991 the so called Omnibus contract, which allows companies who are in the aircraft,bus and other public transport to test their employees without further knowledge. This, of course is the absolute correct way of doing it. A second highly security sensitive job, is the military, Here, everyone who wants to work with the military has to get tested.Testing by skepticismHere, the addicted person, gets tested because colleague s are suspicious and tell it to the supervisor. Like this the necessary actions can be taken immediately after a positive out-come.Testing after an accidentThe drug test after an accident is made if there was an accident where machinery or people of a company got hurt. This, then can be used in the court to become out if someone is guilty or not.Non- announced random testsOther then the tests by suspicion, are the people who get tested selected randomly.Sometimes even a computer is taking the action of selecting.Continuous announced testsThis, is the first form of a drug test in the workspace. In some companies, the every year drug test is as mandatory as the yearly health check.Cut-off testingMore unusual is this sort of testing, where only the people of a certain compartment get tested.Tests after RehabilitationIt is absolutely necessary to test people, who got caught once and came back from Rehab. Like this you can find out if the employee is still clean.Testing because of pub lic adjustmentDrug testing again in high-sensitive jobs, moreover adjusted by the government. Good, because like this mistakes are rarer.Testing before progressionSome companies, make an advancement dependent on an foregoing negative drug test. Very goo, because this keeps a lot of people international from drugs for sure.Tests in the upper management.Drug-testing of the upper management happens mostly shortly before the whole branch or company is getting tested, like this there are no rumors about fairness of the testing because everybody has to take it.CONCLUSIONDrug-testing is a very important and necessary thing within a company. I dont think that we can find anything that really is a contra on employee drug-testing.The cons of drug testing on employeesAs you can visualize from my upper conclusion, i cant really think of anything that really is a hitting argument against drug-testing. pull out the fact maybe that if you start testing your employees, then you show them that you dont really trust them. This can end up, so the people within the organization are not as motivated anymore. Of course, compared with the stress that you dont have if you fire all your drug-using employees this one fact is nothing.Eventually, it is the case that everybody has to decide individually what he or she does. precisely on the other hand, is our society based on a very tight working network.So if some people come tint the danger of drug using and the harms have to be remunerative by the society then its is not only an individual problem anymore.BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.wikipedia.comwww.roche.comwww.google.dewww.drogentest.dewww.drogen-heute.com

Internet Research Essay Example for Free

Internet explore Essay1. In 1998, Carl P. Schmertmann, Adansi A. Amankwaa, and Robert D. Long wrote an article in an academic journal called Three Strikes and Youre start Demographic Analysis of Mandatory Prison Sentencing. transport write out the third sentence of the article. Popularly known as Three Strikes and Youre Out (3X), these new rules mandate long sentences without parole for those convicted of a third or higher-order felony. start JSTOR, Demography, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. , 1998), pp. 445-463 2. The Washington Post publishes D. C. savage Watch, which reports animal cases received by the Washington tender Society and the D. C. Animal Control Division. According to the September 4, 2003, edition of D. C. Animal Watch, what happened at Bangor St. SE, 1400 block? A woman report that a male acquaintance had tied her cat with a rope so it could not take shape onto a babys bed. She said the cat was choking and she was afraid to untie the rope. When a Humane Society officer arrived, the cat had been untied. Source The Washington Post, September 4, 2003 edition of D. C. Animal Watch 3. On Feb. 18, 1987, Anne C.Roark wrote an article in The Los Angeles Times about Donald Fosters claim to have identified a poem as one of Shakespeares. Whats the name of the article? And, according to the article, where does Foster teach? phrase name Bards Sonnets A Mystery at Long break Resolved? Foster taught at Vassar Source Los Angeles Times, February, 18, 1987 4. What is the call number for Giovanni Boccaccios bear called Decameron? (Please choose the 1986 circulating copy) FIC BOCCACCIO, G. 5. What is the call number for Milan Kunderas book The Unbearable Lightness of Being?(Please choose the 1984 entry. ) FIC KUNDERA, M. 6. What is the call number for the Guinness humanness Records? (Choose the most recent edition. ) 031. 02 M257 7. How umpteen people live in the Marshall Islands? (Your information must be currentnothing beforehand 2003. ) You might try NVCCs Best of the Web, which will link to the recently-updated CIA World accompanimentbook. 61,815 (July 2007 est. ) Source CIA World Fact Book, https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rm. hypertext markup language 8. Julian Bond is a faculty member in the History segment at the University of Virginia.Where and when did he receive his Bachelors degree? Morehouse, 1971 Source University of Virginia web aim http//www. virginia. edu/history/faculty/bond. html 9. On July 17, 2003, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) released its highway fatality statistics (in the form of a press release). According to the NHTSA, how many fatalities were alcohol-related in 2002? You must locate the report itself. 41 percent of the measure with 17, 419 deaths Source Press Releases, NHTSA website http//www. nhtsa. dot. gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem. f2217bee37fb302f6d7c121046108a0c/? javax. portlet. tpst=1e51531b2220b0f8ea1420104 6108a0c_ws_MXjavax. portlet. prp_1e51531b2220b0f8ea14201046108a0c_viewID=detail_viewitemID=979ffd08cccaff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRDpressReleaseYearSelect=2003 10. According the American Kennel Club, what should a Mastiffs temperament be like? (Copy and paste the entire description. ) A combination of grandeur and good nature, heroism and docility. Dignity, rather than gaiety, is the Mastiffs correct demeanor. Judges should not condone shyness or viciousness.Conversely, judges should also take care of putting a premium on showiness. Works Cited Marshall Islands. Retrieved November 2, 2007 from the Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book website https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rm. html. Roark, Anne C. (1987, February 18). Bards Sonnets A Mystery at Long Last Resolved?. Los Angeles Times, p. Metro Desk 1. Schmertmann, Carl P. , Amankwaa, Adansi A. and Long, Robert D. (November, 1998). Three Strikes and Youre Out Demographic Analysis of Mandatory Prison Sentencing.Demography, 354, 445-463. Research Facts Find the answers to the following questions. For each item, list the answer and the source that you used to find it (no need to can a full Works Cited entry). Then, in one or two sentences, explain how reliable you count on that source is. Since you will probably use Internet-based sources, consider how objective, current, and credible each site is. For this exercise, you do not need to choose high-quality sites you simply need to explain why you believe each site is or isnt reliable.1. What country has the smallest population? Vatican City, population 920 Source World Atlas web site http//worldatlas. com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls. htm The site is run by Graphic Maps, dba the Woolwine-Moen Group and while they claim to be as accu stride as possible, they do admit there is a margin of error. Most likely, the statistics presented are accurate. 2. What country has the lowest literacy rate? What about the highest? Lowest is Burkina Faso, highest is Cameroon, United Republic.Source SIL International website http//www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/PrepareForALiteracyProgram/CountriesWithTheLowestRatesOfL.htm

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay Example for Free

occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay

The greatest inventions Essay Example for Free

The greatest inventions EssayIntroduction to Second lyric poem Studies (ONLINE). Hudson This trend introduces students to guerilla words studies, as represented in the MA in sodium lauryl sulfate program at the University of Hawaii at Mnoa, and to the field(s) of applied linguistics to a greater extent generally. This hunt down also serves as an introduction to the kinds of fix that testament be expected of students as they progress through the MA in sodium lauryl sulphate program.Students entrust become familiar with the following1. The scope of foster voice communication studies/applied linguistics, including central issues and problems, key concepts and terminology, and die done by applied linguists in society 2. Professional issues and expectations for minute of arc/foreign expression educators 3. The study(ip) domains of second language studies as they are addressed specifically by the UH sodium lauryl sulfate4. A wide of the mark variety of investigate ap proaches employed by applied linguists The course give be online. There impart be extensive online discussion group activity. sodium lauryl sulfateCourseDescriptionsFall2014600-through700-levelSLS 610 (1). Teaching Second lyric poems. HudsonThis course admits a survey of topical theory, inquiry and practice in the study components of second and foreign language pedagogy and didactics programs. These components include needs and means analysis, syllabus and severalize design, materials writing, methodology and pedagogy, skills and skills integration, student assessment, and program evaluation. Consideration entrust also be given to the changing societal, economic, and governmental roles of language teaching and the profession in the world today. Both theoretical and practical dimensions of classroom teaching leave be treated.By the end of the course, the students forget have an understanding of the following 1. Current theory, inquiry and practice in second/foreign la nguage teaching and teacher training2. The socio-cultural, psychological and linguistic factors that have an impact on language teaching3. Issues involved in teaching and integrating the diverse skill cranial orbits as and approaches to curriculum design and language teachingSLS 614 (1). Second Language Writing. GillilandThe course aims to provide insights into theories of teaching writing, with particular(a) emphasis on the checks of student writers composing in a second language. Consideration of various approaches to the teaching of writing in second and foreign languages is included as hygienic as get wordation of response to student writing.Students impart Identify current and historical theories of teaching SL writing. reason and critique approaches to teaching SL writing. Describe and analyze contexts for teaching SL writing in US and internationally. Assess the instructional needs of a given writing class and/or student. Evaluate and respond to student writing. thin k appropriate and effective syllabi, units, and lessons in SL writing courses. Required text Ferris Hedgcock (2013). Teaching L2 Composition (3rd edition). Routledge.SLS 618 (1). Language and Learning Technologies. ZhengWhat is language? How do we understand language and language encyclopaedism in the light of knowledge technologies? How do we bring most sense, make meaning and realize values when technologies are involved in the learning environment. Learning technologies, ranging from vernacular use of Skype, to sophisticated virtual world technologies, and to ubiquitous mobile devices, bring us new challenges and opportunities for communication and social net make believe a craping, as well as learning teaching.What are the roles of learning technologies in learning, instruction and communication? Do they function as an input to aid learning, much(prenominal) as eruditeness of lexicogrammer? Do they function as tools to help with problem solving, such as looking up a new word while reading an article? Do they function as a media to make distance communication and interaction possible? Do they function as objects that have potential to qualify the way we live so that our communication (language) is becoming inherently antithetic? We impart explore these questions as central themes of the course, so that we can gain a deeper understanding and be tuned to affordances of technology in the or so broad sense.Explore dialogical perspectives of language and its implications for sharing, coconstruction, co-authoring and co-creation of identity and meaning in technology supported learning environments. visit the affordances of technologies as indicated by members of theclass (through dynamic needs analysis) for language learning and teaching. Design and conduct studies of a specific technology that you are interested in. A range of research questions are encouraged by using quantitative methods, ethnography, discourse analysis, conversation analysis an d multimodal analysis. Develop a mini curriculum that has major components of technology integration. Develop materials using the Web as a major resourcefulness for your target learners.SLS 650 (1). Second Language Acquisition. ZieglerThis course is knowing to provide a review of current theory and research in child and adult second language skill. In addition, it will review relevant research in first language learnedness and explore relationships among theory and practice in the second and foreign language learning classroom. Various theoretical perspectives and issues are addressed, including cognitive-interactionist, emergentist, social, and psycholinguistic approaches, and principal areas of research such as age effects, cognition, teaching of learner language, and individual differences will be discussed. We will also examine the availablequantitative and soft research methods and how they might be used in second language (L2) research. Suggested reading Ortega, L. (200 9). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford Oxford University Press.This course covers basic concepts and issues in sociolinguistics with a focus on multilingual language learning and teaching. The initial course readings (Davis, 2012a, 2012b) provide an overview of the theoretical foundations and diverse research methods of sociolinguistics, including the work of sociologist Goffman ( entry of self in everyday life) sociolinguists Sacks, Schegloff, and Kasper (conversation analysis) sociolinguist Gumperz (interactional sociolinguistics), anthropologist Hymes (ethnography of communication) language and education anthropologists Cazden, Philips, Heath, Erikson, Geertz, and Anzaldua (ethnography of communities and schools) and unfavorable anthropologists Hornberger, Davis, Valds, Zentella, and McCarty (language policies and practices). Subsequent course readings and the final cast then focus on the most recent trends in sociolinguistics that include multilingualism/super d iversity interdisciplinarity, fluidity, and numerosity in language use, identity, and learning (translanguaging, multiple identities) neoliberalism/ideological analyses public and counter public discoursesand engaged language constitution, practices, and ethnography. The final course project assignment involves designing and presenting a proposal for either research or instruction that draws on current sociolinguistic theories and language learning practices.SLS 673 (1). Applied Psycholinguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Grter This course provides an introduction to the psychological processes involved in language behavior, with a particular focus on those relevant to speaking and understanding a non-native language. argonas covered include speech perception and accent, lexical doorway in bilinguals, structural and discourse processing by native and non-native speakers, the role of working memory, neurological correlates of (non)native language processing, and language dis orders and bilingualism. Experimental methods used in psycholinguistic research on second language acquisition will be introduced and discussed.SLS 675 (1). Second Language Qualitative investigate. KasperThe course will introduce students to the principles and practices of qualitative research and their application to research problems in the domains of social institutions, multilingualism, and learning and setment, including the development of language and professional competencies. The course pursues two aims (1) to develop students ability to critically appraise reports of qualitative (L2) research and (2) to prepare students to conduct a qualitative study on an applied linguistic topic of their choice, or to further develop a study that is already under way. In order to meet both of these goals, particular emphasis will be given to the articulation of theory and methodology, i.e., the coherent transformation of theory into method. Students will get first-hand experience with p ractices of observation and interviewing, visual analysis, document analysis, and multimedia analysis. Course requirements will include reading and discussion of methodological texts, reviews of reports on qualitative studies, and practical activities.SLS 680P (1) Philosophy of Teaching. CrookesParticipants will explore philosophical positions implicit in(p) S/FL teaching. We will address philosophical systems and procedures (including critical, moral and ethical thinking) in the contexts of S/FL teaching, and in compliance to the decisions teachers are faced with daily, as well as long-term, as they shape their careers and their positions in society. Since all of the ideas about S/FL teaching and their philosophical dimensions have historical contexts, a historical perspective will be emphasized in the initial sessions. The concept of a philosophy of teaching can be pock in practical terms because a philosophy of teaching statement is often called for in participation actions, such as job applications, contract renewals, and job interviews. It also falls into the area of professional development and personal growth, since it assists with that reflection without which efforts at a consciously constructed professional practice are not possible.SLS 680R (1). Narrative Analysis. HigginsThis course introduces students to narrative analysis as an analytical framework for the exploration of research questions in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Most centrally, narrative analysis is used to explore questions of identity by examining how speakers construct their social worlds in and through telling stories. Narratives are also useful for examining ideologies on any number of topics. Because lot tell narratives in their everyday interactions with others, researchers can also examine the role of stories in conversation and in various forms of institutional talk, including classrooms, courtrooms, clinics, and workplaces. This course will provide students wi th the foundation for analyzing narrative data by center on both big stories, or, narratives which relate to speakers life histories, as well as small stories, or narratives which take place in everyday settings. As the focus of the class is on the analysis of narratives, students will be expected to contribute narrative data in the form of data shops in class and to write a 20-page term paper on data they have collected. A final presentation will also be required.Required text De Fina, Anna Georgakopoulou, Alexandra (2012). Analyzing narrative Discourse and sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Additional readings will be in the form of journal articles and book chapters, available on Laulima or through UH library.SLS 680R (2). Classroom Action Research. GillilandThis course is a companion to the summer SLS 690 Teaching Practicum in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. alone students must have participated in the practicum during Summer 2014. Required text Burns (2010 ) Doing Action Research in English Language Teaching A Guide for Practitioners. Routledge.SLS 730 (1). Seminar in SL Pedagogy Literature in the L2 Classroom. Day This seminar explores the use of belles-lettres in the second and foreign (L2) classroom. The primary goal is to help you develop a systematic and principled approach to using literature in your teaching. In addition to a focus on the major theoretical and research issues, the seminar explores how a literature component might be integrated into the L2 curriculum. Assignments provide opportunities to use and evaluate a variety of tasks and activities designed to incorporate literature into the L2 classroom. You will develop your own classroom materials and explore how those materials might be utilized in slipway relevant to your own situations. The learning outcomes include being able to discuss the concerns and issues involved in using literature in L2 classrooms and to develop, adapt, and evaluate various literature genr es and activities for the L2 classroom.SLS 750 (1). Ecological and Sociocultural Approaches to Second Language Learning. ZhengThis seminar is designed to explore second language acquisition and language learning from perspectives that classical SLA does not usually take into consideration, namely ecological, sociocultural approaches. Topics regarding both epistemological and ontological orientations will be organized into the following facultys Learners Are they truly individual beings cognizing or processing learning exclusively in the brain, or are they only social beings who learn through socialization and interaction? Or are they ecological and dialogical beings who appropriate biologic substrate, sociocultural values, semiotic resources for sense making? Environments/contexts All research paradigms and pedagogic treatments consider the relationship between the learner and environments. Are environments considered as containers that function in the background? Are learners a nd environments reciprocally co-defining and co-changing? How are learners and environments affiliated? What are the roles of teacher, technology, society and personal biography in language development? building block of analysis Unit of analysis is the major entity that defines the ontological nature of your research and ultimately determines the values of finding in pedagogical practices and phenomenological discoveries. We will consider and compare a wide array of approaches on unit of analysis from different research paradigms, such as individuals, groups, tasks, t-units, turns, agent-environment coupling, communicative projects, etc. Methods and Analytical tools technological prevalence and advancement pushes the windbag of human limitations on data management, such as data collection, analysis and report. We will examine right away available tools that can advance conducting research from ecological and sociocultural approaches. Pedagogical Implications Synthesizing the first 4 topics, this module explores what an ecologically and socioculturally oriented classroom looks like. This includes such topics as action-based learning, place-based learning, pedagogy as multimodal design, studentteacher relationships that are beyond the separatism between teacher-centered and learner-centered dichotomies.This seminar is dedicated to the legacy of Leo van Liers work on The Ecology and semiotics of Language Learning.Required textsvan Lier, L., 2004. The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning A Sociocultural Perspective. Kluwer pedantic Publishers, Norwell, MA.Additional journal articles, book chapters/sections and website will be available in Laulima and course website.SLS 750 (2). tyke L2 Acquisition. SchwartzThe purpose of this seminar is to examine research on child L2 acquisition, with particular emphasis on syntax and morphology. Research into child L2 acquisition has the potential to inform our understanding of adult L2 acquisition as well as L1 a cquisition. We will examine some of the very few studies that directly compare L2 (and L1) children and L2 adults in the acquisition of particular grammatical phenomena. Students will become familiar with the theoretical issues at stake as well as the empirical base of recent work. We start off by focusing on the critical occlusive issue, or more neutrally, on age-dependent effects of L2 acquisition in terms of ultimate attainment. We next consider the issue of endstate (ultimate attainment) vs. development for L2 children and L2 adults.The third area is research on child L2 acquisition itself, where exposure to the nonnative language starts approximately between the ages of 4 and 7 this is likely to be the crucial age range, because it is afterwards the native grammar has been (more or less) established and yet falls clearly within what istraditionally considered to be the critical period for language acquisition. Of special interest here are three issues (1) whether child L2 ac quisition replicates L1 acquisition (2) whether child L2 acquisition exhibits features of adult L2 acquisition, in particular L1 influence and (3) whether there are characteristic differences between L2 child and L2 adult acquisition, especially with respect to different domains, specifically syntax vs. inflectional morphology. The course will be a combination of lectures and student presentations of readings. While familiarity with introductory syntax is highly desirable, time will be taken in class to ensure understanding of the necessary linguistic background.SLS 760 (1). Intercultural Communication. Higgins at heart a sociocultural linguistics framework, this seminar focuses on how the constructs of culture and cultural difference are enacted by speakers of more than one language in informal interactions. The course will pay equal attention to the ways that cultural difference is associated with miscommunication and the ways that culture can be used as a resource in interaction s among multilingual speakers. The course will emphasize the perspective that culture and cultural difference are social constructs that cannot be presumed, but rather are the result of active processes in interaction among conversational participants, processes which sometimespoint to the relevance of cultural models, interpretive schemas, discourses, and ideologies. Students will examine seminal work in the field, starting with cross-cultural communication studies, followed by an examination of the developments in the field that have led to the reconceptualization of this area of inquiry. Following a seminar format, students will regularly lead discussions of readings and present data for analysis in workshop format during the semester. A final term paper of 20-25 pages (with deadlines for proposal and first draft) will also be required for the course.SLS 760 (2). Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices An Engaged Ethnographic Approach. DavisWhile language policy (LP) scholars increasingly explore policies as shaped by global sociopolitical and economic ideologies, LP and applied linguistics scholars are increasingly trade for on-the-ground language practices that resist, negotiate, and appropriate in candid policies (Davis, 2009, 2014 Johnson, 2013 Wyman, McCarty, Nicholas, 2014). This course takes anengaged ethnographical approach that is designed to draw teachers, students, community members, and others into dialogic exploration of language education policy as an interactive process covert ideologies and policies as potentially marginalizing and plurilingual policies as desirable, effective and possible (Davis, 2014 Phyak Bui, 2014). While challenging dominant neoliberal ideologies (Gegeo Watson-Gegeo, 2001 Tollefson, 2013 Warner, 2002), the course explores ways in which to support practices that meet local anesthetic language, education, economic and human welfare needs. Thus, the course takes an interdisciplinary approach in exploring societal and schooling issues such as multilingualism, translanguaging, and identities while considering the agency of individuals and communities as the epicenter of language policy reform (Davis, 2014 Pennycook, 2013).The course draws on the above theoretical perspectives in exploring engaged dialogic and participatory efforts to promote equitable education in both developed and developing countries. Through readings, course activities and discussion course participants will develop both ideological analytical and engaged ethnographic abilities that can guide current and proximo work in schools, communities, and with education administration. Course participants will further gain insight into engaged ethnographic research methods through designing research proposal and/or documenting engaged efforts with teachers, parents and/or concerned others in promoting equitable language education policy and practices.These efforts can focus on research and/or reinforcement in one or more of the fo llowing areas 1) Conducting ideological analyses with parents, educators, and concerned others towards raising awareness of calumniatory neoliberal commodification and standardization language education policies 2) Exploring and planning resistance and alternatives to marginalizing and ineffective national, state, and regional language ideologies and policies 3) development community and school based language and education policies that are locally relevant, educationally forward-looking, and serve to provide models for wider change and 4) Developing relevant and engaging instructional practices through supporting teachers and building on local knowledge for schooling that is studentcentered and engaging. In sum, this course actively involves course participants in drawing on current theories and utilizing engagedethnographic methods towards promoting equitable policies and practices.

The Third type of failure in a distributed system Essay Example for Free

The Third type of hardship in a distributed corpse EssayIn this paper I result be discussing the issue of failures in a distributed outline, and to understand the different failures I will write about four failures that occur in and affect a distributed system. Also, I will be discussing and writing about how to isolate and realize cardinal out of the four failure that peck occur in the distributed system. In a distributed system null is model in st wizard or perfect, so there are some issues that john prepare, and the issues that arise are the failures that displace occur in these distributed systems. The failure that nominate occur are Fail-Stop, Network Failure, quantify Failure, and snarly Failures each of which I will discuss separately. The first of the four failures in the distributed system is Fail-Stop and this is when a halting failure occurs with a type of notification to other components, and this can be when a entanglement file server is in the proce ss of telling its clients it is about to stop executing, and in the process the inhering sound out and the contents connected to the volatile storage can be lost. The chip type of failure in a distributed system is network failure, and this can keep processors from being fitted to communicate with one another.One of Two problems that come up are one way link and which can egest to problems such as the processors slowing down, this can cause one processor not being able to receive messages from the other processor. The second problem that arises is Network partition and occurs when the connecting line of two sections of the network fail, and it can causes a group of two processors to be able to communicate with one another but not with another group of two processors this can lead to the two groups of processed downloading a file in different ways leading to the file inconsistent among all processors. The Third type of failure in a distributed system is Timing Failure, is the pr ocess or part of one that fails to meet its limit set for executing the process, message, clock drift rate, and clock skew on time. The time failure causes components to respond with the localise value that is outside the specific interval meaning that it is too soon, or too late. Also overloaded processors can be hit with excessive delays point if the correct values are produced, and most timing failures are only in systems which have timing constraints and computations. The Fourth type of failure in distributed systems is baffling Failures occur when or during an execution of an algorithm, and when this failure occurs it can cause the system to respond in an episodic way by processing a request in the incorrect way, and corrupting local state in addition to sending an inconsistent response to request, and in a way failing to even receive the request. This can occur when an output of one function happens to be the input of another it causes weensy round off errors in the fir st function that could then lead to larger errors in the second function. Out of the four failures that can occur in a distributed system two of them can to a fault occur or be in a centralized system, and the failures are Fail-Stop and Network Failure.I would rent that these two failures will fault the same way in a centralized system as they do in the distributed system. Of the two out of four failures that can occur in a distributed system the first of which to isolate and fix is network failure, this can be done by spoofing the network. Using the spoofing proficiency a probe can be sent down paths to find if the failures are on a forward path or reverse path. The way the network failures can be addressed and contumacious are by using a network failure detection and recovery in a two-node by using windows server 2000 cluster that runs a sophisticated algorithm which can detect getable network interfaces along with the plug and play function to detect disconnected cables used t o connect the network, as well as connectivity issues between the network adapter and the hub or switch. Using windows server 2000 cluster can help detect network failures and lead to resolving them. The second out of the four failures in distributed system is the tough Failure and the way to isolate and fix the failure is by using a event called Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance which is an algorithm that can provide high performance Byzantine state machine replication, allowing for processing thousands of request a second with the use of sub-millisecond increase in latency. other way to help isolate and fix Byzantine Failures is using a redundant system that can use or migrate of mask the effect of a limited amount of faults through redundancy, this can lead to the detection of faulty nodes and identifying and isolating them before they can harm from failure. When it comes to dealing with a distributed system, an musical arrangement can run into failures, four of which were described in this paper and they are Fail-Stop, Network Failure, Timing Failure, and Byzantine Failure but this also includes others that were not discussed. Never the less, these failures can and will occur, it is up to the organization of union running their system to identity these failure risk, isolate them if they are found, and of course they action to guard against and fix issues of failures so it will not cause irreversible damage and harm that can lead to expiry of information and time. These failures are inevitable but knowing about them and how to use fault tolerant protocols will indeed safeguard a distributed systemReferencehttp//www.combofix.org/what-is-network-spoofing-and-what-are-the-types-of-it.php http//support.microsoft.com/kb/242600https//www.usenix.org/legacy/event/hotdep06/tech/prelim_papers/haeberlen/haeberlen_html/

Christopher Columbus Essay Example for Free

Christopher capital of Ohio EssayChristopher Columbus wrote a letter to the mightiness and butt of Spain around 1494. He gave the major power a queen a description of what was sledding on and what he had found. He wrote this letter stating that there was riches and many terra firma for colonies. He was telling them what they can do with this land that he had found. Take it, build a government, and he wanted more ships for his up coming voyages. The question is this document relevant to his voyages, yes, indeed they do. He wrote to the king and queen what they can do in this land that he had found. He was already planing there government, and how they were going to rule the land.He explained how they should have churches and start converting the indians. When the gold rush comes they should have the batch who are acquire the gold must have a license to retrieve some gold. He talks close to governors and how there should be one on every island that he had discovered and ho w they were going to be in charge. He wanted to start these settlements and let them grow and then that would make Spain the greatest empire in the world because they would have the biggest land mass. He did do the mission for Spain but more for himself and it was his job to do this kind of adventuring.He wanted to make history and this document shows what he had discovered and his proposal to the king and queen of what he vox populi the colonies should be run and so on. This absolutely has to be apart of a the voyage with Christopher Columbus because it tells a little bit of what he saw, what he knows and what his plans were. He tells about both these riches and gold and how they can make the colonies work and survive and build communities. It gives an idea of what he thought and what he had believed should have happened, which for the most part did happen.He was a very bright man I assume by this letter to the king and queen and he explained his plans very well and the king and queen should have been pleased of Christopher for making all of that happen. With out this it would be like missing a fraction of a puzzle. Questions with out full knowledge of what was going on. Christopher started his journey around 1492, I think, and it took him a oppose years to discover this land mass and he was eventually a hero to Spain. Without Christopher discovery of the Americas people would have come and settled in the Americas later than they did and he wouldnt be famous.

Fundamentals of Phonetics Essay Example for Free

fundamentals of Phonetics Essay headway 34ptsEvery vowel in English has a unique articulatory postal service based on (choose as umpteen as apply) Every vowel in English has a unique articulatory position based on (choose as galore(postnominal) as apply) tongue accent x tongue big top x tongue advancement x lip rounding head 44pts peerless can determine if a vowel is tense or in radiation diagramal by One can determine if a vowel is tense or lax by tongue tautness x stress x date x muscular effort challenge 51ptsThe lax vowels are lower in height than their tense counterparts. The lax vowels are lower in height than their tense counterparts. xx True False interrogation 61ptsRhotic diphthongs can also be called nbsp(choose as more as apply) Rhotic diphthongs can also be called (choose as many as apply) x r-colored vowels onglides and offglides x rhotacized vowels lateralized vowels Question 74ptsWhich of the succeeding(a) list of words contains no front vowels? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which of the following list of words contains no front vowels?(Choose as many as apply) seat, sit, sat x soup, soap, supper set, sought, suit sought, sot, suit Question 84ptsWhich of the following sets of vowels have no back vowels? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which of the following sets of vowels have no back vowels? (Choose as many as apply) X steed, stayed, stud poker stood, stowed, stewed skin, scan, scone stirred, stove, steer Question 94ptsThe difference between e and e is nbsp(Choose as many as apply) The difference between e and e? is (Choose as many as apply) x e occurs in unstressed syllables x e? occurs at abrogates of words e? is slightly shorter in duration e occurs at the ends of words Question 104ptsMatch the symbol to its name. Match the symbol to its name. ash ? epsilon ? schwa upsilon ? Question 111ptsThe open o (or back c) or is nbsp(Choose as many as apply) The open o (or backwards c) or ? is (Choose as many as apply) lax x slightly lower than o x is always hired in the placement of or as ? r is used in the word coat Question 121ptsWe commonly use the wedge instead of the schwa when nbsp(Choose as many as apply) We commonly use the wedge instead of the schwa when (Choose as many as apply) x the syllable is stressed at the end of a word x the tongue is slightly lower and more backed the syllable is unstressedQuestion 134ptsIn which of the following words would we find lip rounding? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) In which of the following words would we find lip rounding? (Choose as many as apply) x put x toad x door xx herd Question 141ptsWhich diphthongs occur only in diphthong form? Which diphthongs occur only in diphthong form? a? , e? , o? e? , o? , ? x a? , , ? , a? , u? Question 151ptsWhich diphthong begins in the low middle back position and ends in the spicy front position? Which diphthong begins in the low mid back position and ends in the high front position? a? o? o ? x Question 164ptsWhich vowels are affected by syllable stress? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are affected by syllable stress? (Choose as many as apply) x e ? x o x ? Question 174ptsWhich vowels are lax? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are lax? (Choose as many as apply) x ? x ? X ? e Question 184ptsWhich vowels are back? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are back? (Choose as many as apply) X u ? X o X ? Question 194ptsWhich vowels are mid? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are mid? (Choose as many as apply) a ? X ? ? Question 204ptsMatch the following words to the improve transcription Match the following words to the correct transcription choose ?uz chose ?oz chows ?a? z cheese ?iz Question 217ptsMatch the following words to the correct transcription. Match the following words to the correct transcription. course k? rs cures kj? rz cars karz curse k? rs cores k? rz cuss k? s case ke? s Question 227ptsMatch the following words to their correct transcriptions. Match the following words to their correct transcriptions. thee ?i thou ?a? though ?o the they ?e? thigh ?a? thaw essay saved at 1250pm

What A Higher Education Means To Me Essay Example for Free

What A Higher Education Means To Me EssayAs a war machine officer working with the United States of the Statess carriage extort, a higher grooming mover a separate to me. The United States of Americas bloodline intensity mission is to hawk sovereign options in a bid to offer defence to the community and serve some some otherwise spheric interest. It is the youngest of the U. S Armed Forces branches and it was created in 1947. The United States of America breed Force locomote and fights in air, space and in cyberspace. The US Air Forces vision is global circumspection reach and power (Sandra, 2004)As a military officer, merelying my education is real crucial since it willing crap me effectively to effect the air imbibes vision of keeping vigil for the globe, reaching other globes as well as exercising power and force of the United States of Americas Air Force. Going for further studies means advancing my friendship and skills. In todays globalized world, th e United States of Americas Air Force officers need to be more knowledge qualified so as to be in a position to offer effective service in todays exceedingly demanding, challenging and complex globe. Higher Education implies that I will gain more technical knowledge and skills.Global vigilance is very demanding and in that respect is no way an Air Force officer screwing keep watch, day and night on a globe which he does not have qualified knowledge and knowledge on its economic, political and social aspects. Thus, pursuing further studies on politics of other nations will prepare me in knowing what to expect. For instance, when the United States of Americas Air force is judge to spy on dealings of say a neighbouring or a terrorist nation, prior knowledge and information on the given nation is very crucial since it helps the officers be in a position to celebrate strange or unexpected behaviour or operations of the nation.This will make it easy for the military officers to mak e decisions on whether to attack the nation or not. Thus, decisions to advance education for military officers in the join states of Americas Air Force has been met by a lot of support (Sandra, 2004) Many Air Force officers have developed a desire to advance their education. Furthering ones education by enrolling for studies in an institution of higher learning implies that the Air Force officers will also advance their careers, which means offering effective service to the community.In most institutions of higher learning for Air Force officers, words studies and cultural studies have been focused at service academics. These studies are very crucial in that there is no way United States of Americas Air Force officers can communicate to other officers across the globe with pop the use of language. A higher education also means that I will be more effective and will deliver recommendable service to the United States Air Force, the United States nation and the whole globe.Effective s ervice implies that my seniors i. e. the Chief Master sergeant of the Air Force or the Air Force chief of staff will recognize my good work. Continued appraisals, acknowledgements and rewards will mean that my seniors whitethorn decide to reward my efforts and determination my giving me a promotion which will mean a lot to me. Various awards by the Air Force secretary will also help boost my self-consciousness and motivate me to perform better.In todays globalised world, the United States of Americas Air Force and any other nation need further education so as to be able to move with advancements and progresses in the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Further education plays the role of equipping me with upto date discoveries in the field of technology. In addition, further education can assist me in carrying out research and survey on various issues affecting the United States of Americas Air Force and any other Air Force bases across the globe.For instance, carry ing out research on the use of utility(a) sources of fuel in the United States of Americas military force. In conclusion, higher education is very crucial for the United States of Americas Air Force and any other air force or military force across the globe in effecting their goals and missions. People should change their perceptions that going for further studies is a waste of resources and time for the Air Force officers. Higher education is the key to effective service. beginningDonovan (2004) The U. S Air Force, Lerner publications (23-27)

Internationalising Porters Diamond Essay Example for Free

worldwideising porters Diamond testThis article Internationalising gatekeepers Diamond argues that doorkeeper underestimates the significance of the externalization of production and markets in his work about agonistical advantage of nations. Dunning says that there is increasing interaction and networking cross-borders. He argues that the cross-border value added activities by multinational companies have define indirectly and directly on each of the components of the adamant of national competitive advantage. In the article Dunning tries to poll how globalization of economic activity affects the competitive advantages of individual nation. The article also explores the nature and defecate of networking and how recent technological developments and regional interactions have developmentd the interdependence of economic activity between the straining industrial nations in the ball. Dunning thinks that the significance of globalization for individual sphere will d epend on how important world(prenominal) transactions are (compared to national transactions), the kinds of assets and products are traded and the modality of international economic function.He distinguishes six features of the global economy, which are the following 1. In global economy value generating assets are increasingly taking the form of created assets (e. g. human capital). The competitive advantages of countries are coming to depend on the countries ability to effectively use and increase these assets. 2. These assets are intangible and wet or ownership specific and do non belong to country. 3. The theatrical power of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is increasing.This is because it is in the interest of home(prenominal) domicile firms to use the created assets and to generate new assets in a orthogonal country, or to acquire assets e. g. by acquisition or alliance, by using foreign domiciled firms. 4. increase part of the assets of firms of a particular country is either acquired from or are located in some other country. The crowing cross-border networking through strategic alliances, international subcontracting and other cooperative arrangements is further undermining the concept of national firm specific diamonds. 5.The role of government needs to be re-evaluated as a result of globalization of the world economy. 6. Increasing competition between countries over the same resources and markets. Considering these points almost all the factors in on ushers domestic diamond have to be reconsidered. The pattern of the diamonds of countries will differ according to the extent and form of the involvement of the country in question in the global economy. Dunning argues that gatekeeper put too little underscore on the international influence and underestimated the influence of the MNEs.Dunning suggests that the national diamond should be replaced with supernational diamond because of the increasing integration between countries. In this case , national political borders become meaningless and the competitive advantage of a country can be influenced by factors outside a countrys home diamond. The principle is the same, but the geographical constituency has to be established on different criteria when taking about the supernational diamond. 2. 4 The Double Diamond Model of International combativeness The Canadian Experience by Alan Rugman and Joseph DCruzThe point of view in this article is that Porters diamond mannequin explains the success of US, Japanese, and EC-based multinational corporations, but it is not applicable to small, open, trading economies. Rugman and DCruz show that Porters home country diamond does not explain Canadas international competitiveness. Also some other researchers have noticed this problem when hard to apply Porters model to e. g. New Zealand, and Korea. Rugman and DCruz argue that the over 90 % of the worlds nations potentially cannot be modelled by the Porter diamond.The informants sug gest that substantial modifications of the Porter framework are required to analyze the nature of Canadas successful resource-based multinationals, foreign subsidiaries and institutional arrangements, such as the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement. In order to do this Rugman and DCruz present a new double diamond framework. In this model Rugman and DCruz propose that since Canada in already economically extremely integrated with U. S. , it should use The North American diamond when trying to determine or improve Canadas international competitiveness.This means that Canadians should view the U. S. market as a home market, not just an export market. Canadian owned multinationals have competitive advantages derived from attributes of the U. S. or other foreign diamonds, rather than the Canadian diamond alone. It is also said in the article that each country needs to set its own home-country diamond against the relevant triad diamond. In general, most Asia-Pacific nations will set theirs a gainst Japan. Canada, Mexico, Latin America, and most Caribbean countries will consider theirs against the US diamond.European nations outside of the EC will set theirs against the EC. The authors also criticise that the elements used in Porter model are hardly new or unexpected. The only contribution is bringing them together. Rugman and DCruz criticise the information and how it is presented. The main points were Porter flaws according to Rugman and DCruz is the narrow definition that he applies to foreign direct investments (FDI) and the flawed mind of the nature of two way FDI (ignoring the role of inbound foreign direct investment).They also criticise how Porter handles imports and exports and multinational activities. According to them their double diamond framework would treat these above-mentioned attributes more correctly. 2. 5 Porters Competitive reward revisited by Nicholas J. Shaughnessy The article, Porters Competitive Advantage revisited, written by Nicholas J. Shau ghnessy gives new views to Porters book Competitive Advantage of Nations.The author agrees on some issues with Porter but he also presents animadversion. According toShaughnessy, the key criticism of Porter is his inattention to the cultural dimension, which the author sees as a significant omission. The author argues that Porter i s work is overly facile in its willingness to fall in with the national stereotypes without the type of empiric support necessary for statistical generalization. In the article Oi Shaughnessy sarcastically says that Porter views national grow as changeless artifact. He continues by saying that even though Porter credit national culture with certain amount of explanatory power Porter tends to avoid discussing it in any depth.Shaughnessy also discovers that the role of history in a specific country is neglected. The second significant criticism covers developing countries. Oi Shaughnessy says in the article that Porters arguments are formed almost entire ly with reference to developed countries. The author argues that, for instance, university education is not very significant factor in countries where most of the population is illiterate. He continues by addressing that the real problems in developing countries are located in politics and culture.The third point of criticism is the role of government. The author argues that in the Porters work lacks of specificity. While some contributors to competitive advantage e. g. university research are well defined, Porter disregards others. From Oi Shaughnessy point of view it seems that Porter wants to remove government from direct arbitrament in industry as far as possible. He also thinks that Porter seems to ignore the nature of the many political imperatives that lead away from state spending on key factors that might have aided in the earthly concern of competitive advantage.As an example of this Shaughnessy uses agriculture, which is in many cases heavily subsidized directly from gov ernment and indirectly by customers. He argues that governments are often pressured by lobby groups. That is a reason why governments are sometimes incapable of making the strategic choices necessary to support and sustain competitive advantage. Shaughnessy sees that Porters book is a significant piece of work, but it also has its limitations. According to the author of the article the subject is so commodious that it cannot be covered in one book.He also says that the criticism of Porters book is not that Porter has made an error, but that his thesis is incomplete. Shaughnessy is worried that any populist universalist explanation is accepted uncritically and applied mechanically. He thinks Porters view encourages the belief that problems are soluble exclusively through economic insurance measures. Oi Shaughnessy wants to reverse that view by emphasizing the role of history, politics and culture in determing competitive advantage.