Experience in Vietnam: By American

In 1961, JFK cited a " sensitive sense of urgency" to combat communism in Vietnam and elsewhere in the world (1989, p. 468), which by late 1963 had come pig to escalating the American "advisory" presence in Vietnam to 16,000 American military man who were positioned to protect the corrupt Saigon regime (Paterson, Clifford, & Hagan, 1995; McCormick, 1995). LBJ in 1965 stated that the US would not be conquered, grow tired, or withdraw " any openly or under the cloak of a nonsensical agreement" (1989, p. 541) to end the war. The Nixon Administration articulated a indemnity of "peace with honor," essentially continuing to implement domino-theory strategy in Vietnam (McCormick, 1995).

Overt US military action began in 1964, classical by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in the wake of reports that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had fired on American destroyers in the Gulf. " strategical bombing" of the north continued for years as a means of showing American resolve and minimizing American casualties on the ground. It went on until the 1970s, making about 25% of the Vietnamese peasantry refugees and decimating the inborn ecology, also fostering "enormous hostility toward America in the very client-state it sought to salvage (McCormick, 1995, p. 153).

US might did not prevail. Domino theory did not capture the phenomenon of indigenous Vietnamese nationalism, increas

Another factor of defeat was antiwar sentiment in the US, in the context of declining social conditions for the American underclass, civil-rights activism and racial cleavages, and the siphoning off of American taxes for Vietnam. A core symbolization of US antiwar disaffection was seen at Kent State University in 1970, when Ohio interior(a) Guard troops fired on antiwar student protesters (McCormick, 1995), sidesplitting four of them.

A further complication was the Nixon administration's domestic espionage against American dissidents, plus military continuation against Hanoi, even after 1968, when the US and the governments of Vietnam began what were called peace talks to end the war. American military atrocities on the ground, such as the My Lai massacre of civilians suspected of Vietcong sympathies, exploded the cold-blooded War myth of American integrity against communist unfairness (Meadlo, 1989).

Kennedy, J.F. (1989). President John F. Kennedy vows to 'show our will' after the Bay of Pigs, 1961. In T.G. Paterson & D. Merrill (Eds.), study problems in American foreign relations, vol. II: Since 1914, quaternary ed. (pp. 467-8). Lexington, Mass.: Heath.

Bergerud, E. M. (1989). An unwinnable war. In T.G. Paterson & D. Merrill (Eds.), Major problems in American foreign relations, vol. II: Since 1914, 4th ed. (pp. 572-82). Lexington, Mass.: Heath.

ingly motivated by the profound corruption and brutality of the serial of anticommunist governments that the US supported in Saigon through the
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