Evaluation Of Methods For Characterizing

Evaluation of Methods for Characterizing
Air-Void Systems in Wisconsin Paving Concrete
Submitted by:
Transportation Materials research Center
dinero Technological University
1400 Townsend Dr.
Houghton, MI 49931
Principal Investigator:
Lawrence L. Sutter, Ph.D.
lolly Technological University
School of Technology
1400 Townsend Dr.
Houghton, MI 49931
Co-Principal Investigators
Thomas Van Dam, Ph.D., PE
Michigan Technological University
civilised and Environmental Engineering
1400 Townsend Dr.
Houghton, MI 49931
Michael Thomas, Ph.D., PE
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of New Brunswick
P.O. Box 4400
Fredericton, N.B., Canada E3B 5A3
Evaluation of Methods for Characterizing Air-Void Systems in Wisconsin Paving Concrete
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Problem Statement
Portland cement concrete (PCC) is an inherently durable solid used for constructing pathways and bridges. The
properties and durability of hardened concrete quarter vary widely depending upon the relative volumes of cement, sand,
aggregate, and water used on with the volumetric content of bank line. Properly sized and space entrained air bubbles have
long been known to protect concrete from cyclic halt and thawing.



As a result, air entrained concrete is universally
specified for road construction in the upper Midwest (e.g. Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa). To be effective, a
tokenish volumetric content of air mustiness be entrained and the bubbles must be within close enough proximity to one
other to protect the spreading from damage during freezing. Powers developed an expression called the set factor that
describes, for the majority of the paste, the distance to the nearest air subjugate (Snyder 1998). Typically, the entrained air
bubbles should range in size from 50 to 200 ?m (Mehta and Montiero 1993) and the spacing factor should be less than
0.200 mm (0.008 in) to be effective in protecting the hydrated cement paste from F-T damage (ASTM C-457). However,
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